Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-atъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”). See also athematic Ancient Greek -ής (-ḗs) (gen. -ῆτος (-êtos)), attested for instance in ἀργής (argḗs, “shiny”), πένης (pénēs, “poor”), βλής (blḗs, “thrown”).
In loanwords, reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas as in demotic Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “bed, coach”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”), or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek.
Suffix 1
*-а̀tъ m
- Forms agent or instrument nouns from reanalyzed adjectives
- *sǫpostatъ (“adversary, opponent”) ← *sъpostati (“to juxtapose, to оppose”)
- *kosatъ (“pigtail, dorsal fin (of fish, sharks or cetacea)”) ← *kosa (“hair”)
- *lopata f (“shovel, spade”) ← *lopъ (“sheet, leaf”)
Alternative forms
- *-ata f, *-ato n
- *-yto n (when appended to u-stems)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-atъ | *-ata | *-ati |
| genitive | *-ata | *-atu | *-atъ |
| dative | *-atu | *-atoma | *-atomъ |
| accusative | *-atъ | *-ata | *-aty |
| instrumental | *-atъmь, *-atomь* | *-atoma | *-aty |
| locative | *-atě | *-atu | *-atěxъ |
| vocative | *-ate | *-ata | *-ati |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Suffix 2
*-àtъ
- From agents, creates adjectives denoting a property or characteristic, usually with hyperbolic connotation
- From objects, creates adjectives denoting a characteristic or shape
- From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part
- From adjectives extended with *-ovъ, creates approximative doublets of the original adjective (somewhat like -ish in English). Equivalent to *-ovàtъ
- From o-stem adjectives:
- From former i-stem adjectives:
- From former u-stem adjectives:
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-atъ | *-ata | *-ato |
| genitive | *-ata | *-aty | *-ata |
| dative | *-atu | *-atě | *-atu |
| accusative | *-atъ | *-atǫ | *-ato |
| instrumental | *-atomь | *-atojǫ | *-atomь |
| locative | *-atě | *-atě | *-atě |
| vocative | *-ate | *-ato | *-ato |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ata | *-atě | *-atě |
| genitive | *-atu | *-atu | *-atu |
| dative | *-atoma | *-atama | *-atoma |
| accusative | *-ata | *-atě | *-atě |
| instrumental | *-atoma | *-atama | *-atoma |
| locative | *-atu | *-atu | *-atu |
| vocative | *-ata | *-atě | *-atě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ati | *-aty | *-ata |
| genitive | *-atъ | *-atъ | *-atъ |
| dative | *-atomъ | *-atamъ | *-atomъ |
| accusative | *-aty | *-aty | *-ata |
| instrumental | *-aty | *-atami | *-aty |
| locative | *-atěxъ | *-ataxъ | *-atěxъ |
| vocative | *-ati | *-aty | *-ata |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-atъjь | *-ataja | *-atoje |
| genitive | *-atajego | *-atyję̇ | *-atajego |
| dative | *-atujemu | *-atěji | *-atujemu |
| accusative | *-atъjь | *-atǫjǫ | *-atoje |
| instrumental | *-atyjimь | *-atǫjǫ | *-atyjimь |
| locative | *-atějemь | *-atěji | *-atějemь |
| vocative | *-atъjь | *-ataja | *-atoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ataja | *-atěji | *-atěji |
| genitive | *-atuju | *-atuju | *-atuju |
| dative | *-atyjima | *-atyjima | *-atyjima |
| accusative | *-ataja | *-atěji | *-atěji |
| instrumental | *-atyjima | *-atyjima | *-atyjima |
| locative | *-atuju | *-atuju | *-atuju |
| vocative | *-ataja | *-atěji | *-atěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-atiji | *-atyję̇ | *-ataja |
| genitive | *-atъjixъ | *-atъjixъ | *-atъjixъ |
| dative | *-atyjimъ | *-atyjimъ | *-atyjimъ |
| accusative | *-atyję̇ | *-atyję̇ | *-ataja |
| instrumental | *-atyjimi | *-atyjimi | *-atyjimi |
| locative | *-atyjixъ | *-atyjixъ | *-atyjixъ |
| vocative | *-atiji | *-atyję̇ | *-ataja |
See also
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-atъ
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ata
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*ajatъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 61
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1990), “*lopata”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 16 (*lokadlo – *lъživьcь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 39