Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/et

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative Reconstruction

*ät (per Räsänen)

Etymology

Usually considered a simplex, being one of the oldest Turkic words and found in every branch except Arghu. In some branches, *et is replaced by *(i)aĺ (or Common Turkic *aš) with the older word undergoing a semantic shift from "meat" to "body" via the intermediary compound *et +‎ *ȫz ("flesh and spirit, man").

According to Borovkov (1961), this word may be a loanword from Sogdian [Term?]^[1].

Altaicists compare this root with Literary Mongolian ᠠᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠ (adasqa, “skin, leather”), Orok пэтэскэ (pətəskə, “seal meat”) (see also Manchu ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡨᡥᡳ (huwethi, “seal (animal)”), from the same supposed root, although this is not mentioned in the EDAL's entry) and Japanese 肌 (hada, “human skin”) (compared also to Proto-Japonic *panta (“skin”)). However, semantics and phonetic correspondences are hardly fit and such comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

Noun

*et

meat, flesh (of both humans and animals)

Declension

Declension of *et
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*et
accusative	etig, etni¹⁾
genitive	*etniŋ
dative	*etke
locative	*etde
ablative	*etden
allative	*etgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*etin
equative ²⁾	*etče
similative ²⁾	*etleyü
comitative ²⁾	*etligü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ӳт (üt, “body”)
- ⇒ Viryal Chuvash: ӳт шӳрпи (üt šürp̬i, “meat broth”)^[2]
- ⇒ Viryal Chuvash: ӳте кӗр (üt̬e k̬ĕr, “to break fast”) (lit. "to enter into meat")^[3]

Proto-Common Turkic: *et
- Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: ات (“meat, flesh”)
    - Azerbaijani: ət
      - → Khalaj: ət
    - Ottoman Turkish: ات (et, “meat, flesh”)
      - Turkish: et
      - Gagauz: et
  - East Oghuz:
    - Turkmen: et
  - Uyghur-Oghuz:
    - Salar: et (etʰ, eʰtʰ)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَتْ (“meat, flesh”)
  - ⇒? Karakhanid: اَتْ یٖارْ (et yḗr, “level ground”)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: اَتْ (et, “raw meat”)
    - Chagatai: ات (ét, “meat”)
      - Uzbek: et
- Ili Turki: ɛt (et), eʰt
Kipchak:
- Mamluk-Kipchak: ات (et, “meat for consumption”)
- Kipchak-Bulgar:
  - Bashkir: ит (it)
  - Tatar: ит (it)
- Kipchak-Cuman: et (Codex Cumanicus)
  - Crimean Tatar: et
  - Krymchak: ет
  - Karachay-Balkar: эт (et)
  - Kumyk: эт (et)
  - Karaim: ėt´, эт
  - Urum: эт, йет, at
- South Kipchak:
  - Kipchak-Nogai:
    - Karakalpak: ет (et)
    - Kazakh: ет (et)
    - Nogai: эт (ét)
    - Siberian Tatar: ит (it)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: эт (et)
  - Southern Altai: эт (et)
Siberian Turkic:
- North Siberian Turkic:
  - Dolgan: эт (et), әт (ät)
  - Yakut: эт (et)
- South Siberian Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽸 (ed), 𐽰𐽸𐾂 (eṭ), 𐽰𐾀 (et)
    - ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (etöz, “corporeality, human body”)
    - Western Yugur: iʰt
  - Dukhan: eʰt
  - Khakas: ит (it)
    - Fuyu Kyrgyz: it
  - Northern Altai: эт (et)
  - Shor: эт (et)
  - Tuvan: эът (èt)
  - Tofa: эът (èt)

References

^ Borovkov, Aleksandr Konstantinovič (1961), Бадā'и’ал-лугат: Словарь Тāли Имāни Гератского к сочинениям Алишера Навои, page 186
^ Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ӳт”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 282
^ Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ӳт”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 282

Borovkov, Aleksandr Konstantinovič (1963) “äт”, in Leksika sredneaziatskovo tefsira. [Lexicon of the Central Asian Tafsir], Moscow: Izdatelʹstvo Vostočnoj Literatury, page 115
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “et”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 33
Eren, Hasan (1999) “et”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 140
Räsänen, Martti (1969) “ät”, in Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 51
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “et”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*et”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
ElegantLexicon: Turkic Database

[1] Borovkov, Aleksandr Konstantinovič (1961), Бадā'и’ал-лугат: Словарь Тāли Имāни Гератского к сочинениям Алишера Навои, page 186

[2] Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ӳт”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 282

[3] Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ӳт”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 282

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