Egyptian
Pronunciation
- (in the sense ‘to count’): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /jaːp/ → /jaːp/ → /ʔaːp/ → /ʔoːp/
Verb
2-lit.
- (transitive) to count
- (transitive) to assess as complete by counting
- (transitive) to examine, to check, to evaluate, to review (someone or something)
- (transitive) to take account of, to take heed of
- (transitive) to account, to assess, to recognize, to consider (something) (+ r: as)
c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE,
Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19:
- jp n.f tꜣ r ẖrt.f pt tꜣ ẖr st ḥr.f
- The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and the land were under his care.
- (transitive) to fully account for, collect, or set in order (the bones of the dead)
- (transitive) to recognize (someone) (+ m: as)
- (transitive) to respect, to esteem (someone)
- (transitive) to allot, to assign, to apportion (+ n: to)
- (transitive, with r) to charge (something) against (someone), to hold (someone) liable for something
- (transitive) to detail (someone) for work (+ r or m: for (some particular work))
- (transitive) to transfer (someone) (+ m: from; + r: to)
- (transitive) to impose, to assess, to exact (taxes, dues, revenues collected, etc.) (+ r: from)
- (transitive, with m-ꜥ) to claim (something) from (someone)
- (intransitive, of people) to assemble, to muster, to collect together
- (intransitive, often of the heart/mind) to be(come) shrewd, judicious, discerning, circumspect (+ m: in)
Inflection
Conjugation of jp (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jp, geminated stem: jpp
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
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plural
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jp
|
jpw, jp
|
jpt
|
jp, j.jp
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jp, j.jp
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jp
|
ḥr jp
|
m jp
|
r jp
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jp.n
|
jpw, jp
|
consecutive
|
jp.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
jpt
|
| perfective3
|
jp
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
jp.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
jp, j.jp1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
jp
|
jpp
|
potentialis1
|
jp.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
jp, j.jp1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jp.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jp
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jp
|
jpp, jppj6, jp2, jpw2 5, jpy2 5
|
| imperfective
|
j.jp1, jp, jpy, jpw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
j.jp1, j.jpw1 5, jp, jpj6, jpy6
|
jp, jpw5
|
| prospective
|
jp, jptj7
|
—
|
jptj4, jpt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jp
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|
|
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| jp
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jp
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jpj
|
|
|
[21st Dynasty]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: jp, jpy
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲡ (ōp), ϩⲉⲡ- (hep-), ⲱⲡ- (ōp-), ⲁⲡ⸗ (ap⸗)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲡ (ōp), ⲉⲡ- (ep-), ⲟⲡ⸗ (op⸗), (stative) ⲏⲡ (ēp )
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱⲡ (ōp), ⲉⲡ- (ep-), ⲁⲡ⸗ (ap⸗), (stative) ⲏⲡ (ēp )
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲡ (ōp), (stative) ⲏⲡ (ēp )
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲡ (ōp), ⲱⲡⲉ (ōpe), ⲉⲡ- (ep-), ⲟⲡ⸗ (op⸗), ⲁⲡ⸗ (ap⸗), (stative) ⲏⲡ (ēp ), (stative) ⲏⲡⲉ (ēpe )
Noun
m
- accounting
- c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 7–8:
- jw jp m-ꜥ.j m pr-nswt nhm n.j dwꜣ-nṯr n.j
- The accounting was in my charge in the royal palace, and there was acclaim for me and thanking for me.
- regard, esteem, opinion or assessment of someone
- c. 1479–1425 BCE, (reign of Thutmose III), tomb autobiography of Rekhmire (TT100), lines 3–4:
- ḏd.f jnk sꜥḥ snnw n nswt jfdnw n wp-rḥwj ḫnt(j) st m wꜥꜥw ḥs[w] ṯnw wn[wt …] tp(j)-ꜥ m jp rḫyt
- He says: I am a dignitary second to the king, fourth to the Judge of the Two Companions (Thoth, judge of Horus and Set), the one foremost of position in private audience, who is praised at each hour, […] who stands ahead in the esteem of the commoners.
Inflection
Declension of jp (masculine)
| singular
|
jp
|
| dual
|
jpwj
|
| plural
|
jpw
|
See under the verb above.
Noun
m
- only used in rḏj jp ḥr (“to hit someone on (a body part)?”) [Middle Kingdom]
Usage notes
Possibly this word should be identified with the words above in the sense of “an accounting”.
Noun
m
- stairway [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
Declension of jp (masculine)
| singular
|
jp
|
| dual
|
jpwj
|
| plural
|
jpw
|
References
- “jp (lemma ID 24070)”, “jp (lemma ID 859124)”, and “jp (lemma ID 24080)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 66.1–66.21, 67.3–67.4
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 16
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 162, 251.