kaana

See also: Kaana and ka'ana

Kikuyu

Etymology

Hinde (1904) records kana (pl. twana) as an equivalent of English child in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu, listing also “Ulu dialect” (spoken then from Machakos to coastal area) of Kamba kana (pl. twana) and “Nganyawa dialect” (spoken then in Kitui District) of Kamba gana (pl. twana) as its equivalents.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kaànáꜜ/

As for Tonal Class, Benson (1964) classifies this term into Class 3 with a disyllabic stem, together with kĩhaato, mbembe, kiugo, and so on.

(Kiambu)
- (Limuru) As for Tonal Class, Yukawa (1981) classifies this term into a group including bũrũri (pl. mabũrũri), ikara, ikinya, itimũ, kanitha (pl. makanitha), kiugo, kĩhaato, maguta, mũgeka, mũkonyo, mũrata, mwana, mbembe, mbũri, nyaga, riitho, riũa, rũrĩmĩ (pl. nĩmĩ), ũhoro (pl. mohoro), and so on.^[2]

Noun

kaana class 12 (plural twana)

baby, boy

Derived terms

(Proverbs)

kaana karere nĩ ũcũwe gatingĩrũngĩka

Related terms

(Nouns)

mwana class 1

References

^ Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 12–3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Yukawa, Yasutoshi (1981). "A Tentative Tonal Analysis of Kikuyu Nouns: A Study of Limuru Dialect." In Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 22, 75–123.

“kaana” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Northern Ohlone

Alternative forms

kāna (Harrington's orthography)

Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone kaan (“I”).

Pronoun

kaana (objective kiš, possessive ek-, enclitic subject -ek)

I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)

Northern Ohlone personal pronouns
	person	subject			object			possessive
	person	disjunctive¹	proclitic	enclitic	disjunctive¹	proclitic	enclitic	possessive
singular	first	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	third	waaka	Ø-²	-Ø²	wiš	Ø-², eš-	-Ø², -eš	i-, waakai-
plural	first	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak

¹ Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek).
² Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used.
Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine and undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

References

María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎^[1], Unpublished

[hh1904-1] Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 12–3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[yy1981-2] Yukawa, Yasutoshi (1981). "A Tentative Tonal Analysis of Kikuyu Nouns: A Study of Limuru Dialect." In Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 22, 75–123.

[1]

[2]