robur

• rōbus, rōbor

From earlier rōbus (with change of nominative after the pattern of iecur), from Proto-Italic *rouβos ~ *rouβoses, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), named for its reddish hardwood and thus cognate to ruber.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈroː.bʊr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈrɔː.bur]

rōbur n (genitive rōboris); third declension

1. an oak tree
   1. Designating a specific kind and opposed to quercus, aesculus.
2. hardness
3. strength

   Synonyms: vīs, ops, vehementia

   • c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 6.4:

     In ūniversum aestimantī plūs penes peditem rōboris.

     In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.

   • c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 116.7:

     Satis natura dedit roboris si illo utamur.

     Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.

   • 69 BCE, Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei 4, 9:

     ...atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habebat

     And the Spanish, who had very great support and strength...

4. stronghold

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

• Note: an oblique stem rōburis was advocated by some grammarians, such as Gnipho.

• fortitūdō

• rōbustus
• rōborō → corrōborō

• Aromanian: arobul
• Aragonese: robre
• French: rouvre
• Catalan: roure
• Piedmontese: róvol, rol, rovr
• Galician: robra, rebor (archaic), Reboreda
• Italian: rovere
• → Portuguese: roble
• Spanish: roble
• Sicilian: rùvulu
• Venetan: róare

• “robur”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “robur”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "robur", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• robur in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “robur”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “robur”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
• “robur”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin