ज्या
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- জ্যা (Assamese script)
- ᬚ᭄ᬬᬵ (Balinese script)
- জ্যা (Bengali script)
- 𑰕𑰿𑰧𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀚𑁆𑀬𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- ဇျာ (Burmese script)
- જ્યા (Gujarati script)
- ਜ੍ਯਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌜𑍍𑌯𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦗꦾꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂔𑂹𑂨𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ಜ್ಯಾ (Kannada script)
- ជ្យា (Khmer script)
- ຊ຺ຍາ (Lao script)
- ജ്യാ (Malayalam script)
- ᡯᠶᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘕𑘿𑘧𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᠽᠶᠠᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦵𑧠𑧇𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 (Newa script)
- ଜ୍ଯା (Odia script)
- ꢙ꣄ꢫꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆘𑇀𑆪𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖕𑖿𑖧𑖯 (Siddham script)
- ජ්යා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩣 𑪙𑩻𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚑𑚶𑚣𑚭 (Takri script)
- ஜ்யா (Tamil script)
- జ్యా (Telugu script)
- ชฺยา (Thai script)
- ཛྱཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒖𑓂𑒨𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨥𑩇𑨪𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰyáH, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷyéH (“bow-string, string”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁 (jiiā), Persian زه (zeh), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”), Middle Welsh gieu (“tendon”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /d͡ʑi.jɑ́ː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/
Noun
ज्या • (jyā́) stem, f
- a bowstring
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 6.75.3:
- व॒क्ष्यन्ती॒वेदा ग॑नीगन्ति॒ कर्णं॑ प्रि॒यं सखा॑यं परिषस्वजा॒ना।
योषे॑व शिङ्क्ते॒ वित॒ताधि॒ धन्व॒ञ्ज्या इ॒यं सम॑ने पा॒रय॑न्ती॥- vakṣyántīvédā́ ganīganti kárṇaṃ priyáṃ sákhāyaṃ pariṣasvajānā́.
yóṣeva śiṅkte vítatā́dhi dhánvañjyā́ iyáṃ sámane pāráyantī. - Close to his chariot, as fain to speak, She presses, holding her well-loved Friend in her embraces.
Strained on the Bow, She whispers like a woman-this Bowstring that preserves us in the combat.
- vakṣyántīvédā́ ganīganti kárṇaṃ priyáṃ sákhāyaṃ pariṣasvajānā́.
- व॒क्ष्यन्ती॒वेदा ग॑नीगन्ति॒ कर्णं॑ प्रि॒यं सखा॑यं परिषस्वजा॒ना।
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.1.11:
- प्रमुञ्च॒ धन्व॑न॒स्त्वमु॒भयो॒रार्त्नि॑यो॒र्ज्याम्।
याश्च॑ ते॒ हस्त॒ इष॑वः॒ परा॒ ता भ॑गवो वप॥- prámúñca dhánvanastvámubháyorā́rtniyorjyā́m.
yā́śca te hásta íṣavaḥ párā tā́ bhagavo vapa. - Unfasten the bowstring from the two notches of thy bow,
And cast thou down the arrows in thy hand.
- prámúñca dhánvanastvámubháyorā́rtniyorjyā́m.
- प्रमुञ्च॒ धन्व॑न॒स्त्वमु॒भयो॒रार्त्नि॑यो॒र्ज्याम्।
- (trigonometry) sine
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ज्या (jyā́) | ज्ये (jyé) | ज्याः (jyā́ḥ) |
| accusative | ज्याम् (jyā́m) | ज्ये (jyé) | ज्याः (jyā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | ज्यया (jyáyā) ज्या¹ (jyā́¹) |
ज्याभ्याम् (jyā́bhyām) | ज्याभिः (jyā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | ज्यायै (jyā́yai) | ज्याभ्याम् (jyā́bhyām) | ज्याभ्यः (jyā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ज्यायाः (jyā́yāḥ) ज्यायै² (jyā́yai²) |
ज्याभ्याम् (jyā́bhyām) | ज्याभ्यः (jyā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ज्यायाः (jyā́yāḥ) ज्यायै² (jyā́yai²) |
ज्ययोः (jyáyoḥ) | ज्यानाम् (jyā́nām) |
| locative | ज्यायाम् (jyā́yām) | ज्ययोः (jyáyoḥ) | ज्यासु (jyā́su) |
| vocative | ज्ये (jyé) | ज्ये (jyé) | ज्याः (jyā́ḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Kalasha: ǰi
- Pali: jiyā
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “ज्या”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 427, column 1.
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “jyā”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́yaH-, perhaps further from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyeH- though there would be no non-Indo-Iranian cognates. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬌 (zināti, “wins, overpowers”).
Avestan z- reflects Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-, but the root जि (ji) (Younger Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (jaiiāi, “will win”)) is generally held to descend from Proto-Indo-European *gʷey- (“to win”). So this root and जि (ji) are unrelated.
Alternative forms
- जी (jī)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d͡ʑjɑː/
Root
ज्या • (jyā)
Derived terms
Sanskrit terms belonging to the root ज्या (0 c, 2 e)
Terms derived from the Sanskrit root ज्या (3 c, 0 e)
- Primary Verbal Forms
- जिनाति (jinā́ti) (Present)
- जीयते (jī́yate) (Present)
- ज्यास्यति (jyāsyati) (Future)
- ज्याता (jyātā) (Periphrastic Future)
- अज्यासीत् (ajyāsīt) (Aorist)
- जीयात् (jīyāt) (Benedictive)
- जिज्यौ (jijyaú) (Perfect)
- Secondary Forms
- जीयते (jīyáte) (Passive)
- ज्यापयति (jyāpayati) (Causative)
- अजिज्यपत् (ajijyapat) (Causative Aorist)
- जिज्यासति (jíjyāsati) (Desiderative)
- जेजीयते (jejīyate) (Intensive)
- जाज्याति (jājyāti) (Intensive)
- Non-Finite Forms
- Derived Nominal Forms
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “ज्या”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 426, column 3.
- William Dwight Whitney (1885) The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 56
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 167
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 574
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 603