ἀγαπάω

See also: αγαπάω

Ancient Greek

FWOTD – 9 October 2017

Alternative forms

Etymology

A Proto-Indo-European etymology as a compound *m̥ǵh₂-peh₂- (from *méǵh₂- (“great”) +‎ *peh₂- (“to protect”), literally “[provide] great protection”) was proposed by Pinault in 1991.[1][2]

Previous scholars have proposed non-Indo-European comparisons, including:

  • Semantically, Semitic offers a match in Hebrew אָהַב (ʾāháḇ), and Arabic أَحَبَّ (ʔaḥabba).[3][4] This Semitic, in turn, is suggested by Saul Levin to be a borrowing since the Hebrew has a variant עָגַב (ʿāḡáḇ),[5] also Ugaritic deviates with the form 𐎀𐎅𐎁 (ảhb), but it must be admonished against this that the root ح ب ب (ḥ b b) is well-developed and well-used in Arabic.
  • Friedrich Cornelius[6] believed that ἀγαπάω was borrowed from the precursor of Abkhaz а-гәаԥха-ра (a-gʷapxa-ra, “to like, wish, love”), though a better match could be Adyghe гуапэ (gʷapɛ), Kabardian гуапэ (gʷapɛ, “nice, cordial, pleasurable”), all three containing the Northwest Caucasian word for “heart” (compare Adyghe гу (gʷu)).[7]

Pronunciation

 

Verb

ᾰ̓γᾰπᾰ́ω • (ăgăpắō) (chiefly Attic, Doric, Koine)

  1. (Tragic Greek) to show affection for the dead
  2. (transitive) to treat with affection, be fond of, love
  3. (passive voice) to be beloved
  4. (transitive, rare) to caress, pet
  5. (ambitransitive) to be pleased with, take pleasure in, like
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.289–290:
      οὐκ ἀγαπᾷς […] μεθ’ ἡμῖν δαίνυσαι
      ouk agapāîs […] meth’ hēmîn daínusai
      Aren't you pleased to dine with us?
  6. (New Testament, transitive) to show brotherly love or agape to

Inflection

   Present: ἀγαπᾰ́ω, ἀγαπᾰ́ομαι (Uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἀγαπᾰ́ω ἀγαπᾰ́εις ἀγαπᾰ́ει ἀγαπᾰ́ετον ἀγαπᾰ́ετον ἀγαπᾰ́ομεν ἀγαπᾰ́ετε ἀγαπᾰ́ουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἀγαπᾰ́ω ἀγαπᾰ́ῃς ἀγαπᾰ́ῃ ἀγαπᾰ́ητον ἀγαπᾰ́ητον ἀγαπᾰ́ωμεν ἀγαπᾰ́ητε ἀγαπᾰ́ωσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπᾰ́οιμῐ ἀγαπᾰ́οις ἀγαπᾰ́οι ἀγαπᾰ́οιτον ἀγαπᾰοίτην ἀγαπᾰ́οιμεν ἀγαπᾰ́οιτε ἀγαπᾰ́οιεν
imperative   ἀγάπᾰε ἀγαπᾰέτω ἀγαπᾰ́ετον ἀγαπᾰέτων   ἀγαπᾰ́ετε ἀγαπᾰόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἀγαπᾰ́ομαι ἀγαπᾰ́ῃ / ἀγαπᾰ́ει ἀγαπᾰ́εται ἀγαπᾰ́εσθον ἀγαπᾰ́εσθον ἀγαπᾰόμεθᾰ ἀγαπᾰ́εσθε ἀγαπᾰ́ονται
subjunctive ἀγαπᾰ́ωμαι ἀγαπᾰ́ῃ ἀγαπᾰ́ηται ἀγαπᾰ́ησθον ἀγαπᾰ́ησθον ἀγαπᾰώμεθᾰ ἀγαπᾰ́ησθε ἀγαπᾰ́ωνται
optative ἀγαπᾰοίμην ἀγαπᾰ́οιο ἀγαπᾰ́οιτο ἀγαπᾰ́οισθον ἀγαπᾰοίσθην ἀγαπᾰοίμεθᾰ ἀγαπᾰ́οισθε ἀγαπᾰ́οιντο
imperative   ἀγαπᾰ́ου ἀγαπᾰέσθω ἀγαπᾰ́εσθον ἀγαπᾰέσθων   ἀγαπᾰ́εσθε ἀγαπᾰέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἀγαπᾰ́ειν ἀγαπᾰ́εσθαι
participle m ἀγαπᾰ́ων ἀγαπᾰόμενος
f ἀγαπᾰ́ουσᾰ ἀγαπᾰομένη
n ἀγαπᾰ́ον ἀγαπᾰόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Present: ἀγαπῶ, ἀγαπῶμαι (Contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἀγαπῶ ἀγαπᾷς ἀγαπᾷ ἀγαπᾶτον ἀγαπᾶτον ἀγαπῶμεν ἀγαπᾶτε ἀγαπῶσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἀγαπῶ ἀγαπᾷς ἀγαπᾷ ἀγαπᾶτον ἀγαπᾶτον ἀγαπῶμεν ἀγαπᾶτε ἀγαπῶσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπῴην / ἀγαπῷμῐ ἀγαπῴης / ἀγαπῷς ἀγαπῴη / ἀγαπῷ ἀγαπῷτον / ἀγαπῴητον ἀγαπῴτην / ἀγαπῳήτην ἀγαπῷμεν / ἀγαπῴημεν ἀγαπῷτε / ἀγαπῴητε ἀγαπῷεν / ἀγαπῴησᾰν
imperative   ἀγάπᾱ ἀγαπᾱ́τω ἀγαπᾶτον ἀγαπᾱ́των   ἀγαπᾶτε ἀγαπώντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἀγαπῶμαι ἀγαπᾷ ἀγαπᾶται ἀγαπᾶσθον ἀγαπᾶσθον ἀγαπώμεθᾰ ἀγαπᾶσθε ἀγαπῶνται
subjunctive ἀγαπῶμαι ἀγαπᾷ ἀγαπᾶται ἀγαπᾶσθον ἀγαπᾶσθον ἀγαπώμεθᾰ ἀγαπᾶσθε ἀγαπῶνται
optative ἀγαπῴμην ἀγαπῷο ἀγαπῷτο ἀγαπῷσθον ἀγαπῴσθην ἀγαπῴμεθᾰ ἀγαπῷσθε ἀγαπῷντο
imperative   ἀγαπῶ ἀγαπᾱ́σθω ἀγαπᾶσθον ἀγαπᾱ́σθων   ἀγαπᾶσθε ἀγαπᾱ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ἀγαπᾶσθαι
participle m ἀγαπῶν ἀγαπώμενος
f ἀγαπῶσᾰ ἀγαπωμένη
n ἀγαπῶν ἀγαπώμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἠγάπᾰον, ἠγαπᾰόμην (Uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἠγάπᾰον ἠγάπᾰες ἠγάπᾰε(ν) ἠγαπᾰ́ετον ἠγαπᾰέτην ἠγαπᾰ́ομεν ἠγαπᾰ́ετε ἠγάπᾰον
middle/
passive 		indicative ἠγαπᾰόμην ἠγαπᾰ́ου ἠγαπᾰ́ετο ἠγαπᾰ́εσθον ἠγαπᾰέσθην ἠγαπᾰόμεθᾰ ἠγαπᾰ́εσθε ἠγαπᾰ́οντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἠγάπων, ἠγαπώμην (Contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἠγάπων ἠγάπᾱς ἠγάπᾱ ἠγαπᾶτον ἠγαπᾱ́την ἠγαπῶμεν ἠγαπᾶτε ἠγάπων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἠγαπώμην ἠγαπῶ ἠγαπᾶτο ἠγαπᾶσθον ἠγαπᾱ́σθην ἠγαπώμεθᾰ ἠγαπᾶσθε ἠγαπῶντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ἀγαπήσω, ἀγαπήσομαι, ἀγαπηθήσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἀγαπήσω ἀγαπήσεις ἀγαπήσει ἀγαπήσετον ἀγαπήσετον ἀγαπήσομεν ἀγαπήσετε ἀγαπήσουσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπήσοιμῐ ἀγαπήσοις ἀγαπήσοι ἀγαπήσοιτον ἀγαπησοίτην ἀγαπήσοιμεν ἀγαπήσοιτε ἀγαπήσοιεν
middle indicative ἀγαπήσομαι ἀγαπήσῃ / ἀγαπήσει ἀγαπήσεται ἀγαπήσεσθον ἀγαπήσεσθον ἀγαπησόμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσεσθε ἀγαπήσονται
optative ἀγαπησοίμην ἀγαπήσοιο ἀγαπήσοιτο ἀγαπήσοισθον ἀγαπησοίσθην ἀγαπησοίμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσοισθε ἀγαπήσοιντο
passive indicative ἀγαπηθήσομαι ἀγαπηθήσῃ ἀγαπηθήσεται ἀγαπηθήσεσθον ἀγαπηθήσεσθον ἀγαπηθησόμεθᾰ ἀγαπηθήσεσθε ἀγαπηθήσονται
optative ἀγαπηθησοίμην ἀγαπηθήσοιο ἀγαπηθήσοιτο ἀγαπηθήσοισθον ἀγαπηθησοίσθην ἀγαπηθησοίμεθᾰ ἀγαπηθήσοισθε ἀγαπηθήσοιντο
active middle passive
infinitive ἀγαπήσειν ἀγαπήσεσθαι ἀγαπηθήσεσθαι
participle m ἀγαπήσων ἀγαπησόμενος ἀγαπηθησόμενος
f ἀγαπήσουσᾰ ἀγαπησομένη ἀγαπηθησομένη
n ἀγαπῆσον ἀγαπησόμενον ἀγαπηθησόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἠγάπησᾰ, ἠγαπησᾰ́μην, ἠγαπήθην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἠγάπησᾰ ἠγάπησᾰς ἠγάπησε(ν) ἠγαπήσᾰτον ἠγαπησᾰ́την ἠγαπήσᾰμεν ἠγαπήσᾰτε ἠγάπησᾰν
subjunctive ἀγαπήσω ἀγαπήσῃς ἀγαπήσῃ ἀγαπήσητον ἀγαπήσητον ἀγαπήσωμεν ἀγαπήσητε ἀγαπήσωσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπήσαιμῐ ἀγαπήσειᾰς / ἀγαπήσαις ἀγαπήσειε(ν) / ἀγαπήσαι ἀγαπήσαιτον ἀγαπησαίτην ἀγαπήσαιμεν ἀγαπήσαιτε ἀγαπήσειᾰν / ἀγαπήσαιεν
imperative   ἀγάπησον ἀγαπησᾰ́τω ἀγαπήσᾰτον ἀγαπησᾰ́των   ἀγαπήσᾰτε ἀγαπησᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἠγαπησᾰ́μην ἠγαπήσω ἠγαπήσᾰτο ἠγαπήσᾰσθον ἠγαπησᾰ́σθην ἠγαπησᾰ́μεθᾰ ἠγαπήσᾰσθε ἠγαπήσᾰντο
subjunctive ἀγαπήσωμαι ἀγαπήσῃ ἀγαπήσηται ἀγαπήσησθον ἀγαπήσησθον ἀγαπησώμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσησθε ἀγαπήσωνται
optative ἀγαπησαίμην ἀγαπήσαιο ἀγαπήσαιτο ἀγαπήσαισθον ἀγαπησαίσθην ἀγαπησαίμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσαισθε ἀγαπήσαιντο
imperative   ἀγάπησαι ἀγαπησᾰ́σθω ἀγαπήσᾰσθον ἀγαπησᾰ́σθων   ἀγαπήσᾰσθε ἀγαπησᾰ́σθων
passive indicative ἠγαπήθην ἠγαπήθης ἠγαπήθη ἠγαπήθητον ἠγαπηθήτην ἠγαπήθημεν ἠγαπήθητε ἠγαπήθησᾰν
subjunctive ἀγαπηθῶ ἀγαπηθῇς ἀγαπηθῇ ἀγαπηθῆτον ἀγαπηθῆτον ἀγαπηθῶμεν ἀγαπηθῆτε ἀγαπηθῶσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπηθείην ἀγαπηθείης ἀγαπηθείη ἀγαπηθεῖτον / ἀγαπηθείητον ἀγαπηθείτην / ἀγαπηθειήτην ἀγαπηθεῖμεν / ἀγαπηθείημεν ἀγαπηθεῖτε / ἀγαπηθείητε ἀγαπηθεῖεν / ἀγαπηθείησᾰν
imperative   ἀγαπήθητῐ ἀγαπηθήτω ἀγαπήθητον ἀγαπηθήτων   ἀγαπήθητε ἀγαπηθέντων
active middle passive
infinitive ἀγαπῆσαι ἀγαπήσᾰσθαι ἀγαπηθῆναι
participle m ἀγαπήσᾱς ἀγαπησᾰ́μενος ἀγαπηθείς
f ἀγαπήσᾱσᾰ ἀγαπησᾰμένη ἀγαπηθεῖσᾰ
n ἀγαπῆσᾰν ἀγαπησᾰ́μενον ἀγαπηθέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἀγάπησᾰ, ἀγαπησᾰ́μην (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἀγάπησᾰ ἀγάπησᾰς ἀγάπησε(ν) ἀγαπήσᾰτον ἀγαπησᾰ́την ἀγαπήσᾰμεν ἀγαπήσᾰτε ἀγάπησᾰν
subjunctive ἀγαπήσω ἀγαπήσῃς ἀγαπήσῃ ἀγαπήσητον ἀγαπήσητον ἀγαπήσωμεν ἀγαπήσητε ἀγαπήσωσῐ(ν)
optative ἀγαπήσαιμῐ ἀγαπήσειᾰς / ἀγαπήσαις ἀγαπήσειε(ν) / ἀγαπήσαι ἀγαπησεῖτον ἀγαπησείτην ἀγαπησεῖμεν ἀγαπησεῖτε ἀγαπησεῖεν
imperative   ἀγάπησον ἀγαπησᾰ́τω ἀγαπήσᾰτον ἀγαπησᾰ́των   ἀγαπήσᾰτε ἀγαπησᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἀγαπησᾰ́μην ἀγαπήσω ἀγαπήσᾰτο ἀγαπήσᾰσθον ἀγαπησᾰ́σθην ἀγαπησᾰ́μεθᾰ ἀγαπήσᾰσθε ἀγαπήσᾰντο
subjunctive ἀγαπήσωμαι ἀγαπήσηαι ἀγαπήσηται ἀγαπήσησθον ἀγαπήσησθον ἀγαπησώμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσησθε ἀγαπήσωνται
optative ἀγαπησαίμην ἀγαπήσαιο ἀγαπήσαιτο ἀγαπήσαισθον ἀγαπησαίσθην ἀγαπησαίμεθᾰ ἀγαπήσαισθε ἀγαπήσαιντο
imperative   ἀγάπησαι ἀγαπησᾰ́σθω ἀγαπήσᾰσθον ἀγαπησᾰ́σθων   ἀγαπήσᾰσθε ἀγαπησᾰ́σθων
active middle
infinitive ἀγαπῆσαι ἀγαπήσᾰσθαι
participle m ἀγαπήσᾱς ἀγαπησᾰ́μενος
f ἀγαπήσᾱσᾰ ἀγαπησᾰμένη
n ἀγαπῆσᾰν ἀγαπησᾰ́μενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἠγάπηκᾰ, ἠγάπημαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἠγάπηκᾰ ἠγάπηκᾰς ἠγάπηκε(ν) ἠγαπήκᾰτον ἠγαπήκᾰτον ἠγαπήκᾰμεν ἠγαπήκᾰτε ἠγαπήκᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἠγαπήκω ἠγαπήκῃς ἠγαπήκῃ ἠγαπήκητον ἠγαπήκητον ἠγαπήκωμεν ἠγαπήκητε ἠγαπήκωσῐ(ν)
optative ἠγαπήκοιμῐ / ἠγαπηκοίην ἠγαπήκοις / ἠγαπηκοίης ἠγαπήκοι / ἠγαπηκοίη ἠγαπήκοιτον ἠγαπηκοίτην ἠγαπήκοιμεν ἠγαπήκοιτε ἠγαπήκοιεν
imperative   ἠγάπηκε ἠγαπηκέτω ἠγαπήκετον ἠγαπηκέτων   ἠγαπήκετε ἠγαπηκόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἠγάπημαι ἠγάπησαι ἠγάπηται ἠγάπησθον ἠγάπησθον ἠγαπήμεθᾰ ἠγάπησθε ἠγάπηνται
subjunctive ἠγαπημένος ὦ ἠγαπημένος ᾖς ἠγαπημένος ᾖ ἠγαπημένω ἦτον ἠγαπημένω ἦτον ἠγαπημένοι ὦμεν ἠγαπημένοι ἦτε ἠγαπημένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ἠγαπημένος εἴην ἠγαπημένος εἴης ἠγαπημένος εἴη ἠγαπημένω εἴητον / εἶτον ἠγαπημένω εἰήτην / εἴτην ἠγαπημένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν ἠγαπημένοι εἴητε / εἶτε ἠγαπημένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
imperative   ἠγάπησο ἠγαπήσθω ἠγάπησθον ἠγαπήσθων   ἠγάπησθε ἠγαπήσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἠγαπηκέναι ἠγαπῆσθαι
participle m ἠγαπηκώς ἠγαπημένος
f ἠγαπηκυῖᾰ ἠγαπημένη
n ἠγαπηκός ἠγαπημένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Pluperfect: ἠγαπήκειν / ἠγαπήκη
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἠγαπήκειν / ἠγαπήκη ἠγαπήκεις / ἠγαπήκης ἠγαπήκει(ν) ἠγαπήκετον ἠγαπηκέτην ἠγαπήκεμεν ἠγαπήκετε ἠγαπήκεσᾰν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Greek: αγαπώ (agapó), αγαπάω (agapáo)
  • Mariupol Greek: агапу́ (ahapú)

References

  1. ^ Pinault, Georges-Jean (1991). “Grandeur et excès. Avatars du morphème ἀγα‑ dans le lexique et le discours”. Revue de Philologie 65, 195–218.
  2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀγαπάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 8
  3. ^ Szemerényi, Oswald (1971) “Pierre Chantraine: Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots”, in Gnomon‎[1], volume 43, page 650
  4. ^ Szemerényi, Oswald (1974) “The origins of the Greek lexicon: Ex Oriente Lux”, in The Journal of Hellenic Studies‎[2], volume 94, →DOI, page 150
  5. ^ Levin, Saul (1995) Semitic and Indo-European. The Principal Etymologies. With Observations on Afro-Asiatic (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 129), volume I, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, page 292
  6. ^ Cornelius, Friedrich (1960) Geistesgeschichte der Frühzeit. Von der Eiszeit bis zur Erfindung der Keilschrift, volume I, Leiden, Köln: E.J. Brill, pages 205–6
  7. ^ Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (1996) A Dictionary of Common Abkhaz‎[3], Leiden, pages 36–37

Further reading

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