ὁράω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, guard”). There may have been an intermediate form *ϝοράω (*woráō), from Proto-Hellenic *worā́ō. If there was such a form with a digamma, then it is unclear why the augmented stem ἑωρ- occurs only in Attic, while ὡρ- is used in Homer and in inscriptions.[1]

Cognate with οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care, concern”), Latin vereor (“fear”), English aware (“vigilant, conscious”) and wary (“cautious of danger”).

Forms in ὀψ- (ops-), ὀπ- (op-) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (whence ὄψ (óps), ὄμμα (ómma)).[2]

Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος (eîdos), ἵστωρ (hístōr)).

Pronunciation

 

Verb

ὁράω • (horáō)

  1. (intransitive) to look with the eyes [with εἰς (eis, + accusative) ‘at something or someone’]
  2. (intransitive) to be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind
  3. (copulative) to look a certain way [with accusative adjective or adverb]
    1. Infinitive is added to an adjective, adverb, and so on to indicate that the description relates to sight: to see, to look at, to behold
      δεινὸς ἰδεῖν
      deinòs ideîn
      horrible to look at
  4. (transitive) to see, perceive, observe [with accusative ‘someone’ and participle ‘doing something’]
  5. (transitive) to find out [with indirect question]
    ὅρᾱ εἰ ...
    hórā ei ...
    see if/whether ...
  6. (transitive) to make sure [with infinitive ‘that ...’]
  7. (intransitive and transitive, figurative) to see with the mind, understand
    ὁρᾷς; ὁρᾶτε;
    horāîs? horâte?
    Do you see?
  8. (transitive) to provide [with accusative ‘something’ and dative ‘for someone’]

Usage notes

Along with a few others (λαβέ (labé), ἐλθέ (elthé), εὑρέ (heuré), εἰπέ (eipé)), the aorist imperative has an irregular accent: ἰδέ (idé) alongside ἴδε (íde). This is not the case in compounds, however.

Inflection

   Present: ὁρᾰ́ω, ὁρᾰ́ομαι (Uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὁρᾰ́ω ὁρᾰ́εις ὁρᾰ́ει ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰ́ομεν ὁρᾰ́ετε ὁρᾰ́ουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὁρᾰ́ω ὁρᾰ́ῃς ὁρᾰ́ῃ ὁρᾰ́ητον ὁρᾰ́ητον ὁρᾰ́ωμεν ὁρᾰ́ητε ὁρᾰ́ωσῐ(ν)
optative ὁρᾰ́οιμῐ ὁρᾰ́οις ὁρᾰ́οι ὁρᾰ́οιτον ὁρᾰοίτην ὁρᾰ́οιμεν ὁρᾰ́οιτε ὁρᾰ́οιεν
imperative   ὅρᾰε ὁρᾰέτω ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰέτων   ὁρᾰ́ετε ὁρᾰόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρᾰ́ομαι ὁρᾰ́ῃ / ὁρᾰ́ει ὁρᾰ́εται ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰόμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰ́ονται
subjunctive ὁρᾰ́ωμαι ὁρᾰ́ῃ ὁρᾰ́ηται ὁρᾰ́ησθον ὁρᾰ́ησθον ὁρᾰώμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́ησθε ὁρᾰ́ωνται
optative ὁρᾰοίμην ὁρᾰ́οιο ὁρᾰ́οιτο ὁρᾰ́οισθον ὁρᾰοίσθην ὁρᾰοίμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́οισθε ὁρᾰ́οιντο
imperative   ὁρᾰ́ου ὁρᾰέσθω ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰέσθων   ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ὁρᾰ́ειν ὁρᾰ́εσθαι
participle m ὁρᾰ́ων ὁρᾰόμενος
f ὁρᾰ́ουσᾰ ὁρᾰομένη
n ὁρᾰ́ον ὁρᾰόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρῶμαι (Contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὁρῶ ὁρᾷς ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὁρῶ ὁρᾷς ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
optative ὁρῴην / ὁρῷμῐ ὁρῴης / ὁρῷς ὁρῴη / ὁρῷ ὁρῷτον / ὁρῴητον ὁρῴτην / ὁρῳήτην ὁρῷμεν / ὁρῴημεν ὁρῷτε / ὁρῴητε ὁρῷεν / ὁρῴησᾰν
imperative   ὅρᾱ ὁρᾱ́τω ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾱ́των   ὁρᾶτε ὁρώντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρῶμαι ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶται ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾶσθον ὁρώμεθᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶνται
subjunctive ὁρῶμαι ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶται ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾶσθον ὁρώμεθᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶνται
optative ὁρῴμην ὁρῷο ὁρῷτο ὁρῷσθον ὁρῴσθην ὁρῴμεθᾰ ὁρῷσθε ὁρῷντο
imperative   ὁρῶ ὁρᾱ́σθω ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾱ́σθων   ὁρᾶσθε ὁρᾱ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ὁρᾶν ὁρᾶσθαι
participle m ὁρῶν ὁρώμενος
f ὁρῶσᾰ ὁρωμένη
n ὁρῶν ὁρώμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρόομαι (Epic, contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὁρῶ,
ὁρόω 		ὁρᾷς,
ὁράᾳς 		ὁροῖ,
ὁρᾷ,
ὅρα 		ὁροῦτον ὁροῦτον ὁροῦμεν ὁροῦτε ὁροῦσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὁρῶ,
ὁρῶμῐ 		ὁροῖς,
ὁροῖσθᾰ 		ὁροῖ,
ὁροῖσῐ 		ὁρῶτον ὁρῶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρῶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
optative ὁροῖμι ὁροῖς ὁροῖ ὁροῖτον ὁροίτην ὁροῖμεν ὁροῖτε,
ὁρόῳτε 		ὁροῖεν
imperative   ὅρου ὁρούτω ὁροῦτον ὁρούτων   ὁροῦτε ὁρούντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρόομαι,
ὁρῶμαι 		ὁροῖ ὁρόεται,
ὁρᾶται 		ὁροῦσθον ὁροῦσθον ὁρούμε(σ)θᾰ ὁροῦσθε ὁροῦνται
subjunctive ὁρῶμαι ὁροῖ ὁρῶται ὁρῶσθον ὁρῶσθον ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρῶσθε ὁρῶνται
optative ὁροίμην ὁροῖο ὁροῖτο ὁροῖσθον ὁροίσθην ὁροίμε(σ)θᾰ ὁροῖσθε ὁροίᾰτο
imperative   ὁροῦ ὁρούσθω ὁροῦσθον ὁρούσθων   ὁροῦσθε ὁρούσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ὁροῦν,
ὁρᾶν 		ὁρᾶσθαι,
ὁράασθαι
participle m ὁρῶν,
ὁρόων 		ὁρούμενος,
ὁρώμενος
f ὁροῦσᾰ,
ὁρόουσᾰ 		ὁρουμένη,
ὁρωμένη
n ὁροῦν,
ὁρόον 		ὁρούμενον,
ὁρώμενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Present: ὁρέω, ὁρέομαι (Aeolic, contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὁρέω ὁρεῖς ὁρεῖ ὁρεῖτον ὁρεῖτον ὁρέομεν ὁρεῖτε ὁρέουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὁρέω ὁρῇς ὁρῇ ὁρῆτον ὁρῆτον ὁρέωμεν ὁρῆτε ὁρέωσῐ(ν)
optative ὁρέοιμι ὁρέοις ὁρέοι ὁρέοιτον ὁρεοίτην ὁρέοιμεν ὁρέοιτε ὁρέοιεν
imperative   ὅρει ὁρείτω ὁρεῖτον ὁρείτων   ὁρεῖτε ὁρεόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρέομαι ὁρῇ ὁρεῖται ὁρεῖσθον ὁρεῖσθον ὁρεόμεθᾰ ὁρεῖσθε ὁρέονται
subjunctive ὁρέωμαι ὁρῇ ὁρῆται ὁρῆσθον ὁρῆσθον ὁρεώμεθᾰ ὁρῆσθε ὁρέωνται
optative ὁρεοίμην ὁρέοιο ὁρέοιτο ὁρέοισθον ὁρεοίσθην ὁρεοίμεθᾰ ὁρέοισθε ὁρέοιντο
imperative   ὁρέου ὁρείσθω ὁρεῖσθον ὁρείσθων   ὁρεῖσθε ὁρείσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ὁρεῖν ὁρεῖσθαι
participle m ὁρέων ὁρεόμενος
f ὁρέουσᾰ ὁρεομένη
n ὁρέον ὁρεόμενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἑώρᾰον, ἑωρᾰόμην (Attic, uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑώρᾰον ἑώρᾰες ἑώρᾰε(ν) ἑωρᾰ́ετον ἑωρᾰέτην ἑωρᾰ́ομεν ἑωρᾰ́ετε ἑώρᾰον
middle/
passive 		indicative ἑωρᾰόμην ἑωρᾰ́ου ἑωρᾰ́ετο ἑωρᾰ́εσθον ἑωρᾰέσθην ἑωρᾰόμεθᾰ ἑωρᾰ́εσθε ἑωρᾰ́οντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἑώρων, ἑωρώμην (Attic, contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑώρων ἑώρᾱς ἑώρᾱ ἑωρᾶτον ἑωρᾱ́την ἑωρῶμεν ἑωρᾶτε ἑώρων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἑωρώμην ἑωρῶ ἑωρᾶτο ἑωρᾶσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθην ἑωρώμεθᾰ ἑωρᾶσθε ἑωρῶντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ὥρᾰον, ὡρᾰόμην (Ionic, uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὥρᾰον ὥρᾰες ὥρᾰε(ν) ὡρᾰ́ετον ὡρᾰέτην ὡρᾰ́ομεν ὡρᾰ́ετε ὥρᾰον
middle/
passive 		indicative ὡρᾰόμην ὡρᾰ́ου ὡρᾰ́ετο ὡρᾰ́εσθον ὡρᾰέσθην ὡρᾰόμεθᾰ ὡρᾰ́εσθε ὡρᾰ́οντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ὥρων, ὡρώμην (Ionic, contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὥρων ὥρᾱς ὥρᾱ ὡρᾶτον ὡρᾱ́την ὡρῶμεν ὡρᾶτε ὥρων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὡρώμην ὡρῶ ὡρᾶτο ὡρᾶσθον ὡρᾱ́σθην ὡρώμεθᾰ ὡρᾶσθε ὡρῶντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ὅρᾰον, ὁρᾰόμην (Epic, uncontracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὅρᾰον ὅρᾰες ὅρᾰε(ν) ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰέτην ὁρᾰ́ομεν ὁρᾰ́ετε ὅρᾰον
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρᾰόμην ὁρᾰ́ου ὁρᾰ́ετο ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰέσθην ὁρᾰόμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰ́οντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ὅρων, ὁρώμην (Epic, contracted)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὅρων ὅρᾱς ὅρᾱ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾱ́την ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὅρων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὁρώμην ὁρῶ ὁρᾶτο ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾱ́σθην ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ὄψομαι, ὀφθήσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle indicative ὄψομαι ὄψῃ / ὄψει ὄψεται ὄψεσθον ὄψεσθον ὀψόμεθᾰ ὄψεσθε ὄψονται
optative ὀψοίμην ὄψοιο ὄψοιτο ὄψοισθον ὀψοίσθην ὀψοίμεθᾰ ὄψοισθε ὄψοιντο
passive indicative ὀφθήσομαι ὀφθήσῃ ὀφθήσεται ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθησόμεθᾰ ὀφθήσεσθε ὀφθήσονται
optative ὀφθησοίμην ὀφθήσοιο ὀφθήσοιτο ὀφθήσοισθον ὀφθησοίσθην ὀφθησοίμεθᾰ ὀφθήσοισθε ὀφθήσοιντο
middle passive
infinitive ὄψεσθαι ὀφθήσεσθαι
participle m ὀψόμενος ὀφθησόμενος
f ὀψομένη ὀφθησομένη
n ὀψόμενον ὀφθησόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ὄψομαι, ὀφθήσομαι (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle indicative ὄψομαι ὄψεαι ὄψεται ὄψεσθον ὄψεσθον ὀψόμε(σ)θᾰ ὄψεσθε ὄψονται
optative ὀψοίμην ὄψοιο ὄψοιτο ὄψοισθον ὀψοίσθην ὀψοίμε(σ)θᾰ ὄψοισθε ὀψοίᾰτο
passive indicative ὀφθήσομαι ὀφθήσῃ ὀφθήσεται ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθησόμε(σ)θᾰ ὀφθήσεσθε ὀφθήσονται
optative ὀφθησοίμην ὀφθήσοιο ὀφθήσοιτο ὀφθήσοισθον ὀφθησοίσθην ὀφθησοίμε(σ)θᾰ ὀφθήσοισθε ὀφθησοίᾰτο
middle passive
infinitive ὄψεσθαι ὀφθήσεσθαι
participle m ὀψόμενος ὀφθησόμενος
f ὀψομένη ὀφθησομένη
n ὀψόμενον ὀφθησόμενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ὤφθην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
passive indicative ὤφθην ὤφθης ὤφθη ὤφθητον ὠφθήτην ὤφθημεν ὤφθητε ὤφθησᾰν
subjunctive ὀφθῶ ὀφθῇς ὀφθῇ ὀφθῆτον ὀφθῆτον ὀφθῶμεν ὀφθῆτε ὀφθῶσῐ(ν)
optative ὀφθείην ὀφθείης ὀφθείη ὀφθεῖτον / ὀφθείητον ὀφθείτην / ὀφθειήτην ὀφθεῖμεν / ὀφθείημεν ὀφθεῖτε / ὀφθείητε ὀφθεῖεν / ὀφθείησᾰν
imperative   ὄφθητῐ ὀφθήτω ὄφθητον ὀφθήτων   ὄφθητε ὀφθέντων
passive
infinitive ὀφθῆναι
participle m ὀφθείς
f ὀφθεῖσᾰ
n ὀφθέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: εἶδον, εἰδόμην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative εἶδον εἶδες εἶδε(ν) εἴδετον εἰδέτην εἴδομεν εἴδετε εἶδον
subjunctive ῐ̓́δω ῐ̓́δῃς ῐ̓́δῃ ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δωμεν ῐ̓́δητε ῐ̓́δωσῐ(ν)
optative ῐ̓́δοιμῐ ῐ̓́δοις ῐ̓́δοι ῐ̓́δοιτον ῐ̓δοίτην ῐ̓́δοιμεν ῐ̓́δοιτε ῐ̓́δοιεν
imperative   ἰδέ/ἴδε ῐ̓δέτω ῐ̓́δετον ῐ̓δέτων   ῐ̓́δετε ῐ̓δόντων
middle indicative εἰδόμην εἴδου εἴδετο εἴδεσθον εἰδέσθην εἰδόμεθᾰ εἴδεσθε εἴδοντο
subjunctive ῐ̓́δωμαι ῐ̓́δῃ ῐ̓́δηται ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓δώμεθᾰ ῐ̓́δησθε ῐ̓́δωνται
optative ῐ̓δοίμην ῐ̓́δοιο ῐ̓́δοιτο ῐ̓́δοισθον ῐ̓δοίσθην ῐ̓δοίμεθᾰ ῐ̓́δοισθε ῐ̓́δοιντο
imperative   ῐ̓δοῦ ῐ̓δέσθω ῐ̓́δεσθον ῐ̓δέσθων   ῐ̓́δεσθε ῐ̓δέσθων
active middle
infinitive ῐ̓δεῖν ῐ̓δέσθαι
participle m ῐ̓δών ῐ̓δόμενος
f ῐ̓δοῦσᾰ ῐ̓δομένη
n ῐ̓δόν ῐ̓δόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ, ἑώρᾱμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑώρᾱκᾰ ἑώρᾱκᾰς ἑώρᾱκε(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμεν ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε ἑωρᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἑωρᾱ́κω ἑωρᾱ́κῃς ἑωρᾱ́κῃ ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κωμεν ἑωρᾱ́κητε ἑωρᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
optative ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ / ἑωρᾱκοίην ἑωρᾱ́κοις / ἑωρᾱκοίης ἑωρᾱ́κοι / ἑωρᾱκοίη ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον ἑωρᾱκοίτην ἑωρᾱ́κοιμεν ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
imperative   ἑώρᾱκε ἑωρᾱκέτω ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτων   ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱκόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἑώρᾱμαι ἑώρᾱσαι ἑώρᾱται ἑώρᾱσθον ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑώρᾱσθε ἑώρᾱνται
subjunctive ἑωρᾱμένος ὦ ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖς ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖ ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦμεν ἑωρᾱμένοι ἦτε ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ἑωρᾱμένος εἴην ἑωρᾱμένος εἴης ἑωρᾱμένος εἴη ἑωρᾱμένω εἴητον / εἶτον ἑωρᾱμένω εἰήτην / εἴτην ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
imperative   ἑώρᾱσο ἑωρᾱ́σθω ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθων   ἑώρᾱσθε ἑωρᾱ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἑωρᾱκέναι ἑωρᾶσθαι
participle m ἑωρᾱκώς ἑωρᾱμένος
f ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ ἑωρᾱμένη
n ἑωρᾱκός ἑωρᾱμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἑόρᾱκᾰ, ἑόρᾱμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑόρᾱκᾰ ἑόρᾱκᾰς ἑόρᾱκε(ν) ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον ἑορᾱ́κᾰμεν ἑορᾱ́κᾰτε ἑορᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἑορᾱ́κω ἑορᾱ́κῃς ἑορᾱ́κῃ ἑορᾱ́κητον ἑορᾱ́κητον ἑορᾱ́κωμεν ἑορᾱ́κητε ἑορᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
optative ἑορᾱ́κοιμῐ / ἑορᾱκοίην ἑορᾱ́κοις / ἑορᾱκοίης ἑορᾱ́κοι / ἑορᾱκοίη ἑορᾱ́κοιτον ἑορᾱκοίτην ἑορᾱ́κοιμεν ἑορᾱ́κοιτε ἑορᾱ́κοιεν
imperative   ἑόρᾱκε ἑορᾱκέτω ἑορᾱ́κετον ἑορᾱκέτων   ἑορᾱ́κετε ἑορᾱκόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἑόρᾱμαι ἑόρᾱσαι ἑόρᾱται ἑόρᾱσθον ἑόρᾱσθον ἑορᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑόρᾱσθε ἑόρᾱνται
subjunctive ἑορᾱμένος ὦ ἑορᾱμένος ᾖς ἑορᾱμένος ᾖ ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον ἑορᾱμένοι ὦμεν ἑορᾱμένοι ἦτε ἑορᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ἑορᾱμένος εἴην ἑορᾱμένος εἴης ἑορᾱμένος εἴη ἑορᾱμένω εἴητον / εἶτον ἑορᾱμένω εἰήτην / εἴτην ἑορᾱμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν ἑορᾱμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε ἑορᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
imperative   ἑόρᾱσο ἑορᾱ́σθω ἑόρᾱσθον ἑορᾱ́σθων   ἑόρᾱσθε ἑορᾱ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἑορᾱκέναι ἑορᾶσθαι
participle m ἑορᾱκώς ἑορᾱμένος
f ἑορᾱκυῖᾰ ἑορᾱμένη
n ἑορᾱκός ἑορᾱμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὄπωπᾰ ὄπωπᾰς ὄπωπε(ν) ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰμεν ὀπώπᾰτε ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὀπώπω ὀπώπῃς ὀπώπῃ ὀπώπητον ὀπώπητον ὀπώπωμεν ὀπώπητε ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
optative ὀπώποιμῐ / ὀπωποίην ὀπώποις / ὀπωποίης ὀπώποι / ὀπωποίη ὀπώποιτον ὀπωποίτην ὀπώποιμεν ὀπώποιτε ὀπώποιεν
imperative   ὄπωπε ὀπωπέτω ὀπώπετον ὀπωπέτων   ὀπώπετε ὀπωπόντων
active
infinitive ὀπωπέναι
participle m ὀπωπώς
f ὀπωπυῖᾰ
n ὀπωπός
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ, ὦμμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ὄπωπᾰ ὄπωπᾰς ὄπωπε(ν) ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰμεν ὀπώπᾰτε ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ὀπώπω ὀπώπῃς ὀπώπῃ ὀπώπητον ὀπώπητον ὀπώπωμεν ὀπώπητε ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
optative ὀπώποιμῐ / ὀπωποίην ὀπώποις / ὀπωποίης ὀπώποι / ὀπωποίη ὀπώποιτον ὀπωποίτην ὀπώποιμεν ὀπώποιτε ὀπώποιεν
imperative   ὄπωπε ὀπωπέτω ὀπώπετον ὀπωπέτων   ὀπώπετε ὀπωπόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ὦμμαι ὦψαι ὦπται ὦφθον ὦφθον ὤμμεθᾰ ὦφθε ὤπᾰται
subjunctive ὠμμένος ὦ ὠμμένος ᾖς ὠμμένος ᾖ ὠμμένω ἦτον ὠμμένω ἦτον ὠμμένοι ὦμεν ὠμμένοι ἦτε ὠμμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ὠμμένος εἴην ὠμμένος εἴης ὠμμένος εἴη ὠμμένω εἴητον / εἶτον ὠμμένω εἰήτην / εἴτην ὠμμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν ὠμμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε ὠμμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
imperative   ὦψο ὤφθω ὦφθον ὤφθων   ὦφθε ὤφθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ὀπωπέναι ὦφθαι
participle m ὀπωπώς ὠμμένος
f ὀπωπυῖᾰ ὠμμένη
n ὀπωπός ὠμμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἑορώρηκᾰ (Ionic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑορώρηκᾰ ἑορώρηκᾰς ἑορώρηκε(ν) ἑορωρήκᾰτον ἑορωρήκᾰτον ἑορωρήκᾰμεν ἑορωρήκᾰτε ἑορωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἑορωρήκω ἑορωρήκῃς ἑορωρήκῃ ἑορωρήκητον ἑορωρήκητον ἑορωρήκωμεν ἑορωρήκητε ἑορωρήκωσῐ(ν)
optative ἑορωρήκοιμῐ / ἑορωρηκοίην ἑορωρήκοις / ἑορωρηκοίης ἑορωρήκοι / ἑορωρηκοίη ἑορωρήκοιτον ἑορωρηκοίτην ἑορωρήκοιμεν ἑορωρήκοιτε ἑορωρήκοιεν
imperative   ἑορώρηκε ἑορωρηκέτω ἑορωρήκετον ἑορωρηκέτων   ἑορωρήκετε ἑορωρηκόντων
active
infinitive ἑορωρηκέναι
participle m ἑορωρηκώς
f ἑορωρηκυῖᾰ
n ἑορωρηκός
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἑώρηκᾰ (Ionic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑώρηκᾰ ἑώρηκᾰς ἑώρηκε(ν) ἑωρήκᾰτον ἑωρήκᾰτον ἑωρήκᾰμεν ἑωρήκᾰτε ἑωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἑωρήκω ἑωρήκῃς ἑωρήκῃ ἑωρήκητον ἑωρήκητον ἑωρήκωμεν ἑωρήκητε ἑωρήκωσῐ(ν)
optative ἑωρήκοιμῐ / ἑωρηκοίην ἑωρήκοις / ἑωρηκοίης ἑωρήκοι / ἑωρηκοίη ἑωρήκοιτον ἑωρηκοίτην ἑωρήκοιμεν ἑωρήκοιτε ἑωρήκοιεν
imperative   ἑώρηκε ἑωρηκέτω ἑωρήκετον ἑωρηκέτων   ἑωρήκετε ἑωρηκόντων
active
infinitive ἑωρηκέναι
participle m ἑωρηκώς
f ἑωρηκυῖᾰ
n ἑωρηκός
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ (Doric)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑώρᾱκᾰ ἑώρᾱκᾰς ἑώρᾱκε(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμες ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε ἑωρᾱκᾰ́τι,
ἑωρᾱ́κᾰντῐ
subjunctive ἑωρᾱ́κω ἑωρᾱ́κῃς ἑωρᾱ́κῃ ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κωμες ἑωρᾱ́κητε ἑωρᾱ́κωντῐ
optative ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ / ἑωρᾱκοίην ἑωρᾱ́κοις / ἑωρᾱκοίης ἑωρᾱ́κοι / ἑωρᾱκοίη ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον ἑωρᾱκοίτᾱν ἑωρᾱ́κοιμες ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
imperative   ἑώρᾱκε ἑωρᾱκέτω ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτων   ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱκόντω
active
infinitive ἑωρᾱκέναι
participle m ἑωρᾱκώς
f ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ
n ἑωρᾱκός
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Pluperfect: ἑωρᾱ́κειν / ἑωρᾱ́κη, ἑωρᾱ́μην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἑωρᾱ́κειν / ἑωρᾱ́κη ἑωρᾱ́κεις / ἑωρᾱ́κης ἑωρᾱ́κει(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτην ἑωρᾱ́κεμεν ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱ́κεσᾰν
middle/
passive 		indicative ἑωρᾱ́μην ἑώρᾱσο ἑώρᾱτο ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθην ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑώρᾱσθε ἑώρᾱντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

  • ἀνοράω (anoráō)
  • ἀντεφοράω (antephoráō)
  • ἀφοράω (aphoráō)
  • διοράω (dioráō)
  • ἐγκαθοράω (enkathoráō)
  • εἰσκαθοράω (eiskathoráō)
  • εἰσοράω (eisoráō)
  • ἐνοράω (enoráō)
  • ἐξοράω (exoráō)
  • ἐπικαθοράω (epikathoráō)
  • ἐποράω (eporáō)
  • ἐσοράω (esoráō)
  • ἐφοράω (ephoráō)
  • θεωρός (theōrós)
  • καθοράω (kathoráō)
  • ὅραμα (hórama)
  • ὅρασις (hórasis)
  • ὁρατός (horatós)
  • παροράω (paroráō)
  • περιοράω (perioráō)
  • προεφοράω (proephoráō)
  • προκαθοράω (prokathoráō)
  • προοράω (prooráō)
  • προσκαθοράω (proskathoráō)
  • προσοράω (prosoráō)
  • συγκαθοράω (sunkathoráō)
  • συνδιοράω (sundioráō)
  • συνεφοράω (sunephoráō)
  • συνοράω (sunoráō)
  • ὑπεροράω (huperoráō)
  • ὕποπτος (húpoptos)
  • ὑφοράω (huphoráō)

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὁράω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1095-6
  2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὄπωπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1094

Further reading

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