Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wer-

to burn

Alternative reconstructions

*werH-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (burn) (5 c, 0 e)

*wōr-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei
  - Latgalian: vōreit
  - Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)
  - Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)
*werH-u-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥H-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei
  - Latvian: vir̂t
  - Lithuanian: vi̇̀rti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥-néw-ti
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi)
*wor-no- (“black bird, raven, crow”) (presumably originally an adjective “black”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)^[1]
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)
    - → Old Armenian: վառեմ (vaṙem) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei
    - Lithuanian: vi̇́rti, vérdu (“to cook”)

Root

*wer-^[2]^[3]

to watch; to keep guard, cover
to notice, heed, be aware (of), be wary (of)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (heed) (27 c, 0 e)

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)
*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós
- Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard, keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)
*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *werēōr (see there for further descendants)
*wor-eh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch, to protect”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō
  - Ancient Greek: ὁράω (horáō, “see”)
*wor-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā
  - Ancient Greek: ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”)
*wor-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *woros
  - Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras
    - Sanskrit: वार (vā́ra, “obstacle, cover, gate”)
*wor-yo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *warjaz
*wor-n-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal, denial; warning?”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: vërej (“look, observe”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - >? Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “to fear, be frightened”)
- Proto-Celtic: *werati
  - Old Irish: feraid (“to grant, provide”)
    - Middle Irish: feraid
      - Irish: fear (“to grant”)
- Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras
    - Sanskrit: वर (vára)
Central Kurdish: وریا (wirya, “attentive, alert”)

Root

*wer-

squirrel or marten

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (squirrel) (5 c, 0 e)

*wer-n-
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)
*wer-wer-
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah
    - Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)
    - Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)
    - Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)
*we-wer-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-
  - East Baltic:
    - Latgalian: vuovere
    - Latvian: vāvere
    - Lithuanian: vaiveri̇̀s (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, voveri̇̀s (dialectal), vėveri̇̀s (dialectal)
    - Samogitian: vuoverie
  - West Baltic:
    - Old Prussian: weware
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wiweros (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vьrěti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vereor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 665
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Watkins, Calvert. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. 1969.

[D_*vьrěti-1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vьrěti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vereor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 665

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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