ὅδε

See also: οδέ

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ὅδ’ (hód’) — apocopic

Etymology

From ὁ (ho) +‎ -δε (-de).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hó.de/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)o.de/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ðe/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ðe/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ðe/

Pronoun

ὅδε • (hóde)

(demonstrative pronoun, proximal) this
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1243:
  ξύμπας Ἀχαιῶν λαός, ἐν δὲ τοῖσδ' ἐγώ.
  xúmpas Akhaiôn laós, en dè toîsd’ egṓ.
  The host of the Achaeans all together, and me amongst them.
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 449
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1120
- 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 18
- 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 989
1. (of place) here
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.460
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1
  - 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 4
  - 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 5
  - 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 1
  - 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 4
  - 405 BCE, Euripides, The Bacchae 1
  - 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1134
  - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 164E
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 250A
  - 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 211C
  1. (with verbs of action) here; (possibly) there, yonder
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.185:
      νηῦς δέ μοι ἥδ’ ἕστηκεν ἐπ’ ἀγροῦ νόσφι πόληος,
      ἐν λιμένι Ῥείθρῳ ὑπὸ Νηΐῳ̆ ῡ̔λήεντι.
      nēûs dé moi hḗd’ héstēken ep’ agroû nósphi pólēos,
      en liméni Rheíthrōi hupò Nēḯŏi hūlḗenti.
      [Athena disguised, speaking to Telemachus:]
      and my ship stands here [or yonder] in the country, away from the city,
      in the harbor of Rheithron under woody Neion.
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.175
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.345
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.533
    - 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 23
    - 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 443
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 297
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 531
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 632
    - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 32
    - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 549
    - 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 80
  2. (modifying a personal pronoun)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.205–206:
      ἀλλ’ ὅδ’ ἐγὼ τοιόσδε, παθὼν κακά, πολλὰ δ’ ἀληθείς,
      ἤλυθον εἰκοστῷ ἔτεϊ ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.
      all’ hód’ egṑ toiósde, pathṑn kaká, pollà d’ alētheís,
      ḗluthon eikostōî éteï es patrída gaîan.
      [Odysseus reuniting with Telemachus:]
      But I here in this way, after suffering evils and wandering far,
      have come in the twentieth year to my home country.
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.76
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.140
    - 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 380
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.207
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.321
  3. (with τίς)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.276
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.225
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.351
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 572
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1204
  4. (adds precision to adverbs of place and time), just, very
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.317
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.271
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.104
  5. (in Attic dialogue, the masculine and feminine pronouns often refer to the speaker)
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 534
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 818
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1438
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 305
    - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 43
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 811
  6. (in Aristotle, neuter designates some particular thing)
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1151A.35
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Generation of Animals 734A.28
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 981A.8
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Posterior Analytics 71A.20
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 997B.30
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 3B.10
    - 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.113
    - 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.171
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 1060B.1
    - New Testament, Epistle of James 4:13
2. (of time, to indicate the immediate present)
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 438
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 753
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.161
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 21
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 644
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1478
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 878
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 312
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 403E
  1. this present
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1478
    - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 878
  2. these
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 312
  3. (elliptic with genitive)
3. (to indicate something before one)
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.226
  - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 883
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1329
  - 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 168
  - 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 100
  - 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 63
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.77
  - 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 9.1.6
  1. (to indicate something immediately to come) the following
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.41
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.504
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.455
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.53
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.1.20
    - 500 BCE – 400 BCE, Bacchylides, Collected Works 1.2
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 784
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 948
  2. (followed by a relative pronoun)
    - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 666
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 23
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 87
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.858
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.148–149
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 613
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.346
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.3.47
4. (adverbial)
  1. (τῇδε)
    1. (of place) here, on the spot
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.345
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.173
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 958D
    2. (of the way or manner)
      - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 45
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 79E
      - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 433E
  2. (accusative neuter, τόδε) hither, to this spot
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.298
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.409
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.309
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.444
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.524
    1. therefore, on this account
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.213
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.77
  3. (dative neuter plural, τοῖσδε, τοισίδε) in or with these words
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.!20

Usage notes

This word is similar to, but more deictic than οὗτος (hoûtos), i.e. it refers more distinctly to what is present, what can be seen or pointed out. In very general terms of usage, οὗτος (hoûtos) should be used anaphorically (referring to a previously stated word or phrase), and ὅδε cataphorically (referring to a word or phrase yet to be stated within the text).

Declension

Irregular declension of ὅδε; ἥδε; τόδε (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅδε hóde	ἥδε hḗde	τόδε tóde	τώδε tṓde	τώδε tṓde	τώδε tṓde	οἵδε hoíde	αἵδε haíde	τᾰ́δε tắde
Genitive	τοῦδε toûde	τῆσδε têsde	τοῦδε toûde	τοῖνδε toînde	τοῖνδε toînde	τοῖνδε toînde	τῶνδε tônde	τῶνδε tônde	τῶνδε tônde
Dative	τῷδε tōîde	τῇδε tēîde	τῷδε tōîde	τοῖνδε toînde	τοῖνδε toînde	τοῖνδε toînde	τοῖσδε toîsde	ταῖσδε taîsde	τοῖσδε toîsde
Accusative	τόνδε tónde	τήνδε tḗnde	τόδε tóde	τώδε tṓde	τώδε tṓde	τώδε tṓde	τούσδε toúsde	τᾱ́σδε tā́sde	τᾰ́δε tắde
Vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

Greek: εδώ (edó)
Pontic Greek: αδά (adá)

References

“ὅδε”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὅδε”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὅδε”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὅδε in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὅδε in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ὅδε”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G3592 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- he idem, page 389.
- i idem, page 413.
- this idem, page 867.

type	interrogative	indefinite	demonstrative			relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial)	proximal	distal	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν, ἁμόθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.