下流

Chinese

		under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move
trad. (下流)		下	流
simp. ^#(下流)		下	流
anagram		流下

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàliú

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ lau⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ha-liù
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hā-liû / hǎ-liû / hēe-liû

(Teochew, Peng'im): hia⁶ liu⁵ / ê⁶ liu⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàliú
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàlióu
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-liu²
  - Yale: syà-lyóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahliou
  - Palladius: сялю (sjalju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: haa⁶ lau⁴
  - Yale: hah làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ leo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² lɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-liù
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha liu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴ liu²
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ li̯u¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-liû
  - Tâi-lô: hā-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haxliuu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ liu²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-liû
  - Tâi-lô: hǎ-liû
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-liû
  - Tâi-lô: hēe-liû
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hia⁶ liu⁵ / ê⁶ liu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă liû / ĕ liû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ liu⁵⁵/, /e³⁵⁻¹¹ liu⁵⁵/

Note:

hia6 liu5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, and Jieyang;
ê6 liu5 - Pontinank.

Adjective

下流

indecent; lewd; vulgar; obscene; dirty
下流的笑話／下流的笑话 ― xiàliú de xiàohuà ― dirty joke
inferior; low-class

Synonyms

(indecent):

流淫 (liúyín) (literary)
淫猥 (yínwěi)
淫穢 / 淫秽 (yínhuì)
淫蕩 / 淫荡 (yíndàng)
淫賤 / 淫贱 (yínjiàn)
淫靡 (yínmǐ)
私褻 / 私亵 (sīxiè) (literary)
荒淫 (huāngyín)

Noun

下流

lower reaches of a river
(historical) plebeian; inferior rank

Derived terms

下流社會 / 下流社会
下流話 / 下流话
甘處下流 / 甘处下流

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (下流):

→ Japanese: 下流(かりゅう) (karyū)
→ Korean: 하류(下流) (haryu)
→ Vietnamese: hạ lưu (下流)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
下	流
か Grade: 1	りゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かりゅう [kàryúú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾʲɨː]

Noun

下(か)流(りゅう) • (karyū)

Antonyms

上流(じょうりゅう) (jōryū)

Korean

Hanja in this term
下	流

Noun

下流 • (haryu) (hangeul 하류)

hanja form^? of 하류 (“lower reaches”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
下	流

Noun

下流

chữ Hán form of hạ lưu (“lower reaches; lower social classes”)