共和

Gonghe Regency

Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals and other pre-Qin historical records, including the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), named He (和 or 龢, the latter attested in bronze inscriptions).^[1][2] According to Guo Moruo, Gu Jiegang, et al., he and Duke Wu of Wey are the same person. According to multiple dictionaries, e.g., Kangxi Dictionary, Ciyuan, Hanyu Da Cidian, Hanyu Da Zidian, etc., as a state name, 共 should be pronounced as Gōng.

共和

1. republicanism; republic

• 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

共和

1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)

   • 共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厲王死，宣王立。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厉王死，宣王立。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE

     Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]

     In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.

2. (～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Hainan prefecture, Qinghai, China)

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).

• (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])^[1][2][3]
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠]

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa) 

1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
2. republicanism

• 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

1. hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”)

共和

1. chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”)