北方

Chinese

		north	direction; region
trad. (北方)		北	方
simp. ^#(北方)		北	方

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): běifāng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˇ ㄈㄤ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): быйфон (bɨyfon, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): bak¹ fong¹
Gan (Wiktionary): 'bet⁶ fong¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pet-fông

(Hailu, HRS): bed fong^ˋ
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bah⁶ horng¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pak-hong / pak-hng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: běifāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: běifang
  - Wade–Giles: pei³-fang¹
  - Yale: běi-fāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beeifang
  - Palladius: бэйфан (bɛjfan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: быйфон (bɨyfon, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pei²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bak¹ fong¹
  - Yale: bāk fōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bak⁷ fong¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: beg¹ fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: 'bet⁶ fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˈpɛt̚⁵ fɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pet-fông
  - Hakka Romanization System: bed^ˋ fong^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bed⁵ fong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /pet̚² foŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: bed fong^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /pet⁵⁻² foŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: bah⁶ horng¹ [Phonetic: bah⁷ horng¹]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bah-ho̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ hɒŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: bah⁶ horng¹ [Phonetic: bah⁷ horng¹]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paʔ²⁻⁴ hɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pak-hong
  - Tâi-lô: pak-hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pakhofng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pak-hng
  - Tâi-lô: pak-hng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pakhngf
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hŋ̍³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ hŋ̍⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: pok pjang

Rime
Character	北	方
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	德 (131)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	博墨切	府良切
Baxter	pok	pjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pək̚/	/pʉɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/pək̚/	/pʷiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/pək̚/	/piuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pək̚/	/puaŋ/
Li Rong	/pək̚/	/piuaŋ/
Wang Li	/pək̚/	/pĭwaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pək̚/	/piwaŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bo	fāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bak¹	fong¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤək C-paŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ paŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	北	方
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	běi	fāng
Middle Chinese	‹ pok ›	‹ pjang ›
Old Chinese	/*pˁək/	/*C-paŋ/
English	north	square
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	北	方
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	414	3023
Phonetic component	北	方
Rime group	職	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	北	方
Old Chinese	/*pɯːɡ/	/*paŋ/
Notes		甲金文象槳即榜初文，下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆

Noun

北方

north
northern area (of a country)
(specifically) northern China (usually referring to the area to the north of the Yellow River)

Synonyms

(Hokkien) 北頂／北顶

Derived terms

北方之強 / 北方之强
北方人 (běifāngrén)
北方佛教
北方話 / 北方话 (běifānghuà)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (北方):

→ Japanese: 北方(ほっぽう) (hoppō)
→ Korean: 북방(北方) (bukbang)
→ Vietnamese: bắc phương (北方)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
北	方
ほく > ほっ Grade: 2	ほう > ぽう Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ほっぽー [hòppóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ho̞p̚po̞ː]

Noun

北(ほっ)方(ぽう) • (hoppō) ^{←ほくぱう (fokupau)^?}

north, northern area

Related terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
北	方
きた Grade: 2	かた > がた Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kʲita̠ɡa̠ta̠]

Noun

北(きた)方(がた) • (kitagata)

north

Proper noun

北(きた)方(がた) • (Kitagata)

Kitagata (various towns in Japan)
a surname

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
北	方
きた Grade: 2	かた Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kʲita̠ka̠ta̠]

Proper noun

北(きた)方(かた) • (Kitakata)

Kitakata (various towns in Japan)
a surname

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
北	方
きた Grade: 2	さま > ざま Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kʲita̠za̠ma̠]

Noun

北(きた)方(ざま) • (kitazama)

north

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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