合眾國
Chinese
to close; to gather; to join to close; to gather; to join; to fit; all; together |
numerous; multitude; crowd | country; state; nation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (合眾國/合衆國) | 合 | 眾/衆 | 國 | |
| simp. (合众国) | 合 | 众 | 国 | |
Etymology
Calque of English United States, from 合 (hé, “union”) + 眾國／众国 (“democratic state”), probably coined by Elijah Coleman Bridgman before 1844.[1] Soon rebracketed as 合眾／合众 + 國／国 (guó).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: hézhòngguó
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: héjhòngguó
- Wade–Giles: ho2-chung4-kuo2
- Yale: hé-jùng-gwó
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: herjonqgwo
- Palladius: хэчжунго (xɛčžungo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hap6 zung3 gwok3
- Yale: hahp jung gwok
- Cantonese Pinyin: hap9 dzung3 gwok8
- Guangdong Romanization: heb6 zung3 guog3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐp̚² t͡sʊŋ³³ kʷɔːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Noun
合眾國
- federated nation; federation; united states
- (now rare) United States (a country in North America)
- 1844, Treaty of Wanghia; quoted in Treaty of Wánghiá: The Act of Congress of August 11th, 1848, with the Attorney General's Opinion, and Decrees and Notifications Issued for the Guidance of Consular Courts of the United States of America in China, 1856, page 22:
- 准合眾國官民延請中國各方士民人等教習各方語音，並幫辦文墨事件。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- Zhǔn Hézhòngguó guānmín yánqǐng Zhōngguó gèfāng shìmín rén děng jiàoxí gèfāng yǔyīn, bìng bāngbàn wénmò shìjiàn. [Pinyin]
- It shall be lawful for the officers or citizens of the United States to employ scholars and people of any part of China without distinction of persons, to teach any of the languages of the empire, and to assist in literary labors.
准合众国官民延请中国各方士民人等教习各方语音，并帮办文墨事件。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
-
- 合眾國之紳耆，皆會集於此議國政。城為華盛頓所建，乃合眾國創業之祖，故即名其城曰華盛頓。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- Hézhòngguó zhī shēnqí, jiē huìjí yú cǐ yì guózhèng. Chéng wéi Huáshèngdùn suǒ jiàn, nǎi Hézhòngguó chuàngyè zhī zǔ, gù jí míng qí chéng yuē Huáshèngdùn. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
合众国之绅耆，皆会集于此议国政。城为华盛顿所建，乃合众国创业之祖，故即名其城曰华盛顿。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
- 亞美利加 / 亚美利加 (Yàměilìjiā)
- 合省國 / 合省国 (Héshěngguó) (obsolete)
- 漂亮國 / 漂亮国 (Piàoliangguó) (slang, sarcastic)
- 燈塔國 / 灯塔国 (Dēngtǎguó) (derogatory)
- 米國 / 米国 (Mǐguó) (Internet slang, often humorous)
- 美 (měi) (abbreviation)
- 美利堅 / 美利坚 (Měilìjiān) (dated)
- 美利堅合眾國 / 美利坚合众国 (Měilìjiān hézhòngguó)
- 美國 / 美国 (Měiguó)
- 美帝 (měidì) (colloquial, slang, often derogatory)
- 花旗 (Huāqí) (obsolete or Min Nan)
- 花旗國 / 花旗国 (Huāqíguó) (obsolete)
- 醜國 / 丑国 (Chǒuguó) (derogatory)
- 金山 (gam1 saan1) (Cantonese, dated)
- 黴國 / 霉国 (Méiguó) (derogatory)
Dialectal synonyms of 美國 (“United States”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 美利堅合眾國, 美國 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 美國 |
| Singapore | 美國 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 美國, 金山 dated |
| Hong Kong | 美國, 花旗國 dated | |
| Taishan | 美國, 花旗, 金山 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 金山 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 美國 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 美國, 米國, 亞美利加 |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 米國, 亞美利加 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 美國, 米國, 亞美利加 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 美國, 米國, 亞美利加 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 美國, 米國, 亞美利加 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 美國 |
| Quanzhou | 美國 | |
| Jinjiang | 花旗 | |
| Zhangzhou | 美國 | |
| Tainan | 美國 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 美國 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 美國 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 美國, 花旗 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 美國 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 美國, 花旗 |
Derived terms
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (合眾國):
- → Japanese: 合衆国 (gasshūkoku)
- → Korean: 합중국(合衆國) (hapjungguk)
- → Vietnamese: hợp chúng quốc (合眾國)
References
- ^ Kengo Chiba, 訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」, in 第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会, 2004
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 合 | 眾 | 國 |
Noun
合眾國
- chữ Hán form of hợp chúng quốc (“United States”)