斂

See also: 歛, 㪘, and 敛

斂	U+6582, 斂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6582

← 斁
[U+6581]

CJK Unified Ideographs

斃 →
[U+6583]

Translingual

Traditional	斂
Shinjitai (extended)	㪘
Simplified	敛

Han character

斂 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 人人人大 (OOOK), four-corner 8884₀, composition ⿰僉攵)

Derived characters

瀲(𭲠/潋), 𫾛, 𣟺, 𤒦(𬋃), 𢋻, 蘞(蔹), 籢, 𢅸, 𭟠, 𤒥

Related characters

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 476, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13407
Dae Jaweon: page 830, character 33
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1478, character 7
Unihan data for U+6582

Chinese

trad.		斂/歛^*
simp.		敛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 斂
Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (僉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
厱	raːm, kʰreːm, *kʰlam
歛	*qʰlaːm
臉	ɡ·reːmʔ, skʰlam, *kramʔ
醶	ɡr·reːmʔ, skʰraːmʔ
鹼	kreːmʔ, skʰlam
薟	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram
匳	*ɡ·ram
獫	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams, qʰramʔ
蘞	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam
籢	*ɡ·ram
斂	ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams
瀲	ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams
撿	ɡ·ramʔ, kramʔ
羷	*ɡ·ramʔ
殮	*ɡ·rams
簽	*skʰlam
僉	*skʰlam
憸	skʰlam, skʰlamʔ, sqʰlam, qʰramʔ
譣	skʰlam, qʰramʔ
檢	*kramʔ
瞼	*kramʔ
儉	*ɡramʔ
顩	ŋramʔ, rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ
嬐	*ŋramʔ
嶮	ŋramʔ, hŋramʔ
噞	ŋramʔ, ŋrams
驗	*ŋrams
險	*qʰramʔ
劒	*kams
劍	*kams
𩏩	*qʰam

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams): phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam) + semantic 攴.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liǎn, liàn

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˇ, ㄌㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lim⁵ / lim⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): liam⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): lien⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liam
Jin (Wiktionary): lie²
Northern Min (KCR): līng
Eastern Min (BUC): liēng / liêng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): liám

(Teochew, Peng'im): niam² / liêm²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶li
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lienn⁴ / lienn⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liǎn
  - Wade–Giles: lien³
  - Yale: lyǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lean
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
  - Wade–Giles: lien⁴
  - Yale: lyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lim⁵ / lim⁶
  - Yale: líhm / lihm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lim⁵ / lim⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lim⁵ / lim⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːm¹³/, /liːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: liam⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liam²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lien⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɛn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liam
  - Hakka Romanization System: liam
  - Hagfa Pinyim: liam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯am⁵⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lie²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: līng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liēng / liêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ieŋ³³/, /l̃iɛŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liám
  - Tâi-lô: liám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liarm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liam⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: niam² / liêm²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niám / liém
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niam⁵²/, /liem⁵²/

Note:

niam2 - Shantou;
liêm2 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶li
  - MiniDict: li^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³li
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lienn⁴ / lienn⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ẽ⁴⁵/, /li̯ẽ²¹/

Note:

lienn4 - literary;
lienn5 - vernacular.

Middle Chinese: ljemX, ljemH

Rime
Character	斂	斂
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	良冉切	力驗切
Baxter	ljemX	ljemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇm^X/	/liᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛm^X/	/liɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ljæm^X/	/ljæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liam^X/	/liam^H/
Li Rong	/liɛm^X/	/liɛm^H/
Wang Li	/lĭɛm^X/	/lĭɛm^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯ɛm^X/	/li̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liǎn	liàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lim⁵	lim⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r][a]mʔ/, /*[r][a]m-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ramʔ/, /*ɡ·rams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	斂	斂
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liǎn	liàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ljem^X ›	‹ ljem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[r][a]mʔ/	/*[r][a]m-s/
English	gather	dress a corpse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	斂	斂
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	10190	10197
Phonetic component	僉	僉
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime		殮
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·ramʔ/	/*ɡ·rams/

Definitions

斂

to draw back; to fold back
to collect (particularly of taxes; now especially if done extorsively)
to go into hiding, steal away, seclude oneself
to hold back, restrain oneself
35th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "gathering" (𝌨)

Compounds

五斂子 / 五敛子 (wǔliǎnzǐ)
內斂 / 内敛 (nèiliǎn)
大斂 / 大敛 (dàliàn)
小斂 / 小敛
屏氣斂息 / 屏气敛息
征斂
急征重斂
把斂 / 把敛
收斂 / 收敛 (shōuliǎn)
收斂劑 / 收敛剂
整衣斂容 / 整衣敛容
斂兵 / 敛兵
斂容 / 敛容 (liǎnróng)
斂影逃形 / 敛影逃形
斂怨 / 敛怨
斂怨求媚 / 敛怨求媚
斂戢 / 敛戢
斂手 / 敛手 (liànshǒu)
斂手待斃 / 敛手待毙
斂步 / 敛步
斂笑而泣 / 敛笑而泣
斂縮 / 敛缩
斂聲屏氣 / 敛声屏气
斂著 / 敛著
斂藏 / 敛藏
斂衣 / 敛衣
斂衽 / 敛衽 (liǎnrèn)
斂衽正容 / 敛衽正容
斂財 / 敛财 (liǎncái)
斂足 / 敛足
斂跡 / 敛迹 (liǎnjì)
斂躬 / 敛躬
斂避 / 敛避
斂錢 / 敛钱
斂飭 / 敛饬
斂首低眉 / 敛首低眉
斂黛 / 敛黛
暴斂 / 暴敛 (bàoliǎn)
暴斂橫徵 / 暴敛横征
橫征暴斂 / 横征暴敛
橫科暴斂 / 横科暴敛
橫賦暴斂 / 横赋暴敛
珍藏密斂 / 珍藏密敛
省刑薄斂 / 省刑薄敛
科斂 / 科敛
繁刑重斂 / 繁刑重敛
聚斂 / 聚敛 (jùliǎn)
藏鋒斂鍔 / 藏锋敛锷
裒斂 / 裒敛
賦斂 / 赋敛 (fùliǎn)
賤斂貴出 / 贱敛贵出
賤斂貴發 / 贱敛贵发
銷聲斂跡 / 销声敛迹
鋒芒內斂 / 锋芒内敛
頭會箕斂 / 头会箕敛 (tóuhuìjīliǎn)
鳩斂 / 鸠敛

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01741
“斂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
普通話异讀詞审音表初稿(第三編) (Third List of Pronunciation Standards for Words with Multiple Readings in Putonghua, Draft, in Chinese), 文字改革 (Script Reform), Issue 85, December 1962, page 4
普通话异读词审音表 (in Chinese), 1987, page 28

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	㪘
Print standard	斂

Kanji

斂

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 㪘)

tighten, stiffen

Readings

Go-on: れん (ren)^{←れん (ren, historical)}^{←れむ (remu, ancient)}
Kan-on: れん (ren)^{←れん (ren, historical)}^{←れむ (remu, ancient)}
Kun: おさめる (osameru, 斂める)^{←をさめる (wosameru, 斂める, historical)}

Compounds

斂葬(れんそう) (rensō, “interment, burial”)

Korean

Hanja

斂 • (ryeom>yeom) (hangeul 렴>염, revised ryeom>yeom, McCune–Reischauer ryŏm>yŏm, Yale lyem>yem)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

斂: Hán Nôm readings: kiếm, liễm, liệm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nôm Foundation