新疆

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.

The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

新疆

1. (～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (an Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)
   • 1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

     是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī. [Pinyin]

     Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Others:

• → English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang
• → Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)
• → Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)
• → Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)
• → Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)
• → Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)
• → Turkish: Sincan
• → Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)
• → Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)
• → Zhuang: Sinhgyangh
• → Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

新疆

1. (historical) new territory

• 六城 (Liùchéng)
• 回疆 (Huíjiāng)
• 新界 (Xīnjiè, “New Territories”)
• 屬國／属国 (shǔguó, “vassal state”)
• 東突厥斯坦／东突厥斯坦 (Dōng Tūjuésītǎn, “East Turkestan”), 東土耳其斯坦／东土耳其斯坦 (Dōng Tǔ'ěrqísītǎn, “East Turkestan”)

新(しん)疆(きょう) • (Shinkyō) 

1. Xinjiang (an Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)

新疆 • (Sin'gang) (hangeul 신강)

1. hanja form^? of 신강 : Xinjiang (an Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)

新疆

1. chữ Hán form of Tân Cương: Xinjiang (an Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)