灯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声): semantic 火 + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ).

灯 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火一弓 (FMN), composition ⿰火丁)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 665, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18855
• Dae Jaweon: page 1075, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2188, character 3
• Unihan data for U+706F

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 燈)

As shinjitai/variant kanji of 燈:

• Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
• Tō-on: とん (ton)

As unsimplified kanji 灯:

• Go-on: ちょう (chō)^{←ちやう (tyau, historical)}
• Kan-on: てい (tei)
• Tō-on: ちん (chin)

Readings shared by both kanji:

• Kun: ひ (hi, 灯, Jōyō)、あかし (akashi, 灯)、ともしび (tomoshibi, 灯)、ともす (tomosu, 灯す)、とぼす (tobosu, 灯す)、あかり (akari, 灯)

From Middle Chinese 燈 (MC tong).

• (Tokyo) とー [tóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [to̞ː]

灯(とう) • (tō) 

1. a light, lamp

   Synonym: 明かり (akari)

• 灯(とう)滅(めっ)せんとして光(ひかり)を増(ま)す (tō messen to shite hikari o masu)

灯(とう) • (-tō) 

1. counter for 電灯 (dentō, “electric lights”)

• 一(いっ)灯(とう) (ittō)

灯(とう) • (-tō) 

1. electric light

• アーク灯(とう) (āku-tō)

灯(とう) • (tō) 

1. light, lamp
2. (by extension) Buddhist teaching

First attested around the 10th century.

Nominalization of 灯し (tomoshi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tomosu, “to light”).

• (Tokyo) ともし [tòmóshí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• (Tokyo) ともし [tòmóshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [to̞mo̞ɕi]

灯(ともし) • (tomoshi) 

1. a light
2. alternative spelling of 照射 (tomoshi): a torch used to bait deer when night hunting

• 灯(ともし)油(あぶら) (tomoshiabura)
• 灯(ともしび) (tomoshibi)

Compound of 灯し (tomoshi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tomosu), “to light”) +‎ 火 (hi, “fire”).

The hi changes to bi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

• (Tokyo) ともしび [tòmóshíbí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• (Tokyo) ともしび [tòmóshíꜜbì] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [to̞mo̞ɕibʲi]

灯(ともしび) • (tomoshibi) 

1. a light

   Synonyms: 明かり (akari), 灯火 (tōka)

   • 1986, “Kimi o Nosete [Reaching You]”, Hayao Miyazaki (lyrics), Joe Hisaishi (music), performed by Azumi Inoue:

     地(ち)球(きゅう)はまわる君(きみ)をかくして　輝(かがや)く瞳(ひとみ)きらめく灯(ともしび)…

     Chikyū wa mawaru kimi o kakushite kagayaku hitomi kirameku tomoshibi…

     The Earth spins, hiding your shining pupils [and] glittering lights.

2. a lit flame (such as of a candle or torch)
3. (historical, obsolete) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system of the Heian period, a kind of scholarship granted to university students

• 灯(ともしび)消(き)えんとして光(ひかり)を増(ま)す (tomoshibi kien to shite hikari o masu)

Nominalization of 灯し (toboshi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tobosu, “to light”, archaic).

Equivalent to a shift from tomoshi above, with the nasal /-m-/ becomes plosive /-b-/.

• (Tokyo) とぼし [tòbóshí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• (Tokyo) とぼし [tòbóshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [to̞bo̞ɕi]

灯(とぼし) • (toboshi) 

1. (archaic) an indoor torch
2. (archaic) alternative form of 灯 (tomoshi)

• 灯(とぼし)油(あぶら) (toboshiabura)
• 灯(とぼしび) (toboshibi)

灯(とぼし) • (Toboshi) 

1. a placename

Compound of 灯し (toboshi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tobosu), “to light”, archaic) +‎ 火 (hi, “fire”). The hi changes to bi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Equivalent to a shift from tomoshibi above, the nasal /-m-/ becomes plosive /-b-/.

灯(とぼしび) • (toboshibi) 

1. (archaic) alternative form of 灯 (tomoshibi)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 明かす (akasu, “to go through the whole night”).^[2]

• (Tokyo) あかし [àkáshí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [a̠ka̠ɕi]

灯(あかし) • (akashi) 

1. a light, lamp
   • 1987, “Abare-daiko [Raging Drums]”, Takashi Taka (lyrics), Kōshō Inomata (music), performed by Fuyumi Sakamoto:

     櫓(やぐら)太(だい)鼓(こ)の灯(あかし)がゆれて　揃(そろ)い浴衣(ゆかた)の夏(なつ)がゆく

     yagura-daiko no akashi ga yurete soroi yukata no natsu ga yuku

     The festival-commencing lamp sways, [all] wearing yukata in the passing summer.

2. (Shinto, Buddhism) a light (or lighted lamp) offered to a kami or buddha

   Synonym: 御灯, 御明かし, 御灯明 (miakashi)

• 御(み)灯(あかし) (miakashi)

Cognate with and extension of 火 (hi, “fire”).^[2]

• (Tokyo) ひ [híꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [çi]

灯(ひ) • (hi) 

1. a light, lamp

   Synonym: 明かり (akari)

   • 1986, “Kimi o Nosete [Reaching You]”, Hayao Miyazaki (lyrics), Joe Hisaishi (music), performed by Azumi Inoue:

     ...たくさんの灯(ひ)が懐(なつ)かしいのは　あのどれかひとつに君(きみ)がいるから

     takusan no hi ga natsukashii no wa ano doreka hitotsu ni kimi ga iru kara

     ...among the many [lights, I feel] nostalgic[; and I know] you are in one of them.

• 灯(ひ)涼(すず)し (hisuzushi, “coolness of twinkling lights”)