製作
See also: 制作
Chinese
| manufacture | to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do; to make | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (製作) | 製 | 作 | |
| simp. (制作) | 制 | 作 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zhìzuò
- Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhzuò
- Wade–Giles: chih4-tso4
- Yale: jr̀-dzwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhtzuoh
- Palladius: чжицзо (čžiczo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: zai3 zok3
- Yale: jai jok
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzai3 dzok8
- Guangdong Romanization: zei3 zog3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sɔːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ-chok
- Hakka Romanization System: zii zogˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zi4 zog5
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ⁵⁵ t͡sok̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-chok
- Tâi-lô: tsè-tsok
- Phofsit Daibuun: zeazog
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɔk̚⁵/
- IPA (Xiamen): /t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɔk̚³²/
- IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɔk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì-chok
- Tâi-lô: tsì-tsok
- Phofsit Daibuun: ciezog
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɔk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: zi3 zag4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì tsak
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sak̚²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
Verb
製作
- (transitive) to make; to manufacture; to fabricate
- to write; to compose
Synonyms
- 作文 (zuòwén) (to write an essay or composition)
- 執筆 / 执笔 (zhíbǐ)
- 寫作 / 写作 (xiězuò)
- 寫字 / 写字 (xiězì)
- 屬文 / 属文 (zhǔwén) (literary, to compose prose)
- 援筆 / 援笔 (yuánbǐ) (literary)
- 提筆 / 提笔 (tíbǐ)
- 撰 (zhuàn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 撰寫 (zhuànxiě)
- 撰著 (zhuànzhù) (to write a book)
- 撰述 (zhuànshù) (formal)
- 書寫 / 书写 (shūxiě)
- 書錄 / 书录 (shūlù)
- 筆耕 / 笔耕 (bǐgēng) (literary)
- 綴文 / 缀文 (zhuìwén) (literary, to write a composition)
- 編寫 / 编写 (biānxiě)
- 著作 (zhùzuò)
- 著述 (zhùshù)
- 行文 (xíngwén)
- 行筆 / 行笔 (xíngbǐ) (literary, to write an essay or composition)
- 譔文 / 撰文 (zhuànwén) (to write an article)
Derived terms
Noun
製作
- (archaic) decrees and regulations governing ceremonial rites
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 製 | 作 |
| せい Grade: 5 |
さく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | |
Alternative forms
- (used in slightly different contents) 制作 (seisaku)
Pronunciation
Noun
製作 • (seisaku)
Verb
製作する • (seisaku suru) suru (stem 製作し (seisaku shi), past 製作した (seisaku shita))
Usage notes
- 製作 and 制作 used to be virtually synonymous, although a recent trend tends to use 製作 for manufacturing of all kinds, but 制作 for specifically the making of artistic or literary works.[1]
Conjugation
Conjugation of "製作する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 製作し | せいさくし | seisaku shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 製作し | せいさくし | seisaku shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 製作する | せいさくする | seisaku suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 製作する | せいさくする | seisaku suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 製作すれ | せいさくすれ | seisaku sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 製作せよ¹ 製作しろ² |
せいさくせよ¹ せいさくしろ² |
seisaku seyo¹ seisaku shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 製作される | せいさくされる | seisaku sareru | |
| Causative | 製作させる 製作さす |
せいさくさせる せいさくさす |
seisaku saseru seisaku sasu | |
| Potential | 製作できる | せいさくできる | seisaku dekiru | |
| Volitional | 製作しよう | せいさくしよう | seisaku shiyō | |
| Negative | 製作しない | せいさくしない | seisaku shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 製作せず | せいさくせず | seisaku sezu | |
| Formal | 製作します | せいさくします | seisaku shimasu | |
| Perfective | 製作した | せいさくした | seisaku shita | |
| Conjunctive | 製作して | せいさくして | seisaku shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 製作すれば | せいさくすれば | seisaku sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- ^ “製作”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 製 | 作 |
Noun
製作 • (jejak) (hangeul 제작)
- hanja form? of 제작 (“manufacture; production”)
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 製 | 作 |
Verb
製作