証

See also: 证 and 證

証	U+8A3C, 証 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A3C

← 註
[U+8A3B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

訽 →
[U+8A3D]

Translingual

Traditional	證
Shinjitai	証
Simplified	证

Han character

証 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜口一卜一 (YRMYM), four-corner 0161₁, composition ⿰訁正)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1152, character 27
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35341
Dae Jaweon: page 1619, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3951, character 17
Unihan data for U+8A3C

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (正) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
綻	*rdeːns
淀	*deːns
靛	*deːns
症	*tjɯŋs
竀	rtʰeːŋ, tʰeŋ
征	*tjeŋ
怔	*tjeŋ
正	tjeŋ, tjeŋs
鉦	*tjeŋ
鴊	tjeŋ, tjeŋs
眐	*tjeŋ
佂	*tjeŋ
整	*tjeŋʔ
政	*tjeŋs
証	*tjeŋs
定	teːŋs, deːŋs
顁	*teːŋs
錠	teːŋs, deːŋʔ, *deːŋs
掟	*deːŋs

Simplified from 證 (登 → 正). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjeŋs): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs). The character originally conveyed the meaning of "to admonish" and was later used in the sense of "proof" or "evidence."^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 証 – see 證 (“to prove; to testify; to verify; proof; evidence; etc.”). (This character is the former (1969–1976) Singaporean simplified and variant form of 證).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 2

trad.		証
simp.		证^*

Etymologically related to 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhèng (zheng⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zing³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chèng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhèng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhèng
  - Wade–Giles: chêng⁴
  - Yale: jèng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenq
  - Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zing³
  - Yale: jing
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzing³
  - Guangdong Romanization: jing³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chèng
  - Tâi-lô: tsìng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zexng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: tsyengH

Rime
Character	証
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之盛切
Baxter	tsyengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiæŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciajŋ^H/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛŋ^H/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zing³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*teŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjeŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	証
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhèng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyeng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*teŋ-s/
English	remonstrate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	証
Reading #	1/1
No.	17179
Phonetic component	正
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	政
Old Chinese	/*tjeŋs/

Definitions

証

(literary) to admonish
- 主有失，皆交爭証諫。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  主有失，皆交争証谏。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
  Zhǔ yǒu shī, jiē jiāo zhēng zhèng jiàn. [Pinyin]
  When the lord errs, (his advisors) compete against each other in admonishing and correcting him.

Synonyms

(to admonish): 諍／诤 (zhèng)

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03806

Japanese

Kanji

証

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

to admonish

Readings

Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)^{←しやう (syau, historical)}
Kan-on: せい (sei)
Kun: いさめる (isameru)

Kanji

Shinjitai	証
Kyūjitai	證

証

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 證)

prove, verify

Readings

Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
Kun: あかし (akashi, 証し)、あかし (akashi, 証)、しるし (shirushi, 証)
Nanori: あきら (akira)、つく (tsuku)、み (mi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
証
あかし Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
證 (kyūjitai) 証し

From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 明(あ)かす (akasu, “to illuminate; to reveal”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あかし [àkáshí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [a̠ka̠ɕi]

Noun

証(あかし) • (akashi)

proof, evidence, testimony
Synonyms: 証拠 (shōko), 証明 (shōmei), 証 (shō)

友(ゆう)情(じょう)の証(あかし)
yūjō no akashi
symbol of friendship

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
証
しょう Grade: 5
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
證 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 證 (MC tsyingH)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しょー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞ː]

Noun

証(しょう) • (shō)

proof, verification
Synonyms: 証拠 (shōko), 証 (akashi)
- 1889, 三遊亭圓朝, edited by 鈴木行三, 霧陰伊香保湯煙‎^[1], 新字新仮名 edition, 青空文庫:
  
  警(けい)「先(せん)方(ぽう)から先(さき)に手(て)出(だ)しをした証(しょう)があるか」
  Kei “Senpō kara saki ni tedashi o shita shō ga aru ka”
  Police captain: “Do you have proof that the other party put his hands on you first?”
(Buddhism) enlightenment
(traditional Chinese medicine) symptoms

Korean

Hanja

証 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

証: Hán Nôm readings: chứng, chống, chững, chừng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

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