豈敢

See also: 岂敢

Chinese

		how can it be that	dare
trad. (豈敢)		豈	敢
simp. (岂敢)		岂	敢

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qǐgǎn

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei² gam²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-kám

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qǐgǎn [Phonetic: qígǎn]
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǐgǎn
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi³-kan³
  - Yale: chǐ-gǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiigaan
  - Palladius: цигань (ciganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hei² gam²
  - Yale: héi gám
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei² gam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi² gem²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵ kɐm³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    喜感
    豈敢 / 岂敢
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-kám
  - Tâi-lô: khí-kám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qy'karm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kam⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: khj+jX kamX

Rime
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	袪狶切	古覽切
Baxter	khj+jX	kamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨi^X/	/kɑm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨi^X/	/kɑm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəi^X/	/kɑm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨj^X/	/kam^X/
Li Rong	/kʰiəi^X/	/kɑm^X/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəi^X/	/kɑm^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰe̯i^X/	/kɑm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ	gǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei²	gam²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəjʔ [k]ˤamʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ klaːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ	gǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ khj+j^X ›	‹ kam^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰəjʔ/	/*[k]ˁamʔ/
English	how	dare
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	2/2	1/1
No.	10123	3674
Phonetic component	豈	敢
Rime group	微	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	豈	敢
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/	/*klaːmʔ/
Notes		說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲，此爲隸變

Verb

豈敢

(literary) how could I dare to; how dare he
- 豈敢愛之？畏我父母。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  岂敢爱之？畏我父母。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Qǐgǎn ài zhī? Wèi wǒ fùmǔ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Interjection

豈敢

I don't deserve such praise or honor; You flatter me