貧苦
See also: 贫苦
Chinese
| poor | bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (貧苦) | 貧 | 苦 | |
| simp. (贫苦) | 贫 | 苦 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): pan4 fu2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phìn-khú
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pîn-khó͘
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: pínkǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: pínkǔ
- Wade–Giles: pʻin2-kʻu3
- Yale: pín-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynkuu
- Palladius: пиньку (pinʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰin³⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: pan4 fu2
- Yale: pàhn fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: pan4 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: pen4 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰɐn²¹ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: pinˇ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: pin2 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹ kʰu³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: pîn-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: pinqor
- IPA (Xiamen): /pin²⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien)
Adjective
貧苦
Synonyms
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難 / 困难
- 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 | |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
| Wanrong | 窮 | |
| Xi'an | 窮 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Hong Kong | 窮 | |
| Taishan | 窮 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Pingxiang | 窮 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 | |
| Hui'an | 窮赤 | |
| Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 | |
| Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 窮, 無錢, 宋凶 | |
| Raoping | 磽 | |
| Shantou | 窮, 磽 | |
| Jieyang | 窮, 磽 | |
| Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Suzhou | 窮 | |
| Danyang | 窮 | |
| Hangzhou | 窮 | |
| Jinhua | 倒灶 | |
Antonyms
- 富裕 (fùyù)