赤

See also: 亦

赤 U+8D64, 赤
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D64
← 赣
[U+8D63] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 赥 →
[U+8D65]

⾚ U+2F9A, ⾚
KANGXI RADICAL RED
← ⾙
[U+2F99] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾛ →
[U+2F9B]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

赤 (Kangxi radical 155, 赤+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土中弓金 (GLNC), four-corner 40331, composition ⿱土⿻小丿(GTJKV) or ⿱土⿰𬼀𰍨(GTJKV) or ⿱土⿻小丨(H))

  1. Kangxi radical #155, ⾚.

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1213, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36993
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1680, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3506, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8D64

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 赤
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
浾 *sqraː
嚇 *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ
赦 *hljaɡs
郝 *qʰljaɡ, *kʰljaɡ, *hljaɡ
赫 *qʰraːɡ
爀 *qʰraːɡ
赤 *kʰljaɡ
烾 *kʰljaɡ
螫 *qʰjaːɡ
赥 *qʰleːɡ
捇 *qʰʷreːɡ
焃 *qʰʷreːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 大 (“person, big”) + 火 (“fire”) – the color of fire (a person by a fire). The original version is 𤆍.

The man on top is simplified as 土 as in 去 and 走 (< 𧺆). The fire is stylized as well, but an intermediate and obsolete variant is 灻.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
 赤
alternative forms 灻
𤆍
烾 ancient
刺 Hokkien

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qrak (“blood; red”), whence Tibetan ཁྲག (khrag, “blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Related to 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ, “bright red”) and possibly 奭 (OC *hjaɡ, “majestic; red”).

Pronunciation

Note: cik3 - literary.
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: cet2 / ciak1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰet̚⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰiak̚³³/
Note: ciak1 - in 赤坎.
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: ciit6 / cah6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɨt̚⁵/, /t͡sʰaʔ⁵/
Note:
  • ciit6 - literary;
  • cah6 - vernacular.
Note:
  • chiáh - vernacular (“red and bright” (of gold));
  • chék - literary.
Note:
  • cia6/cie6 - vernacular;
  • cih6 - literary.
Note:
  • chhiah - vernacular (“red; to be naked; lean; to brown; fierce and unreasonable; poor”);
  • chhek/chhiak - literary.
Rime
Character 赤
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 昌 (24)
Final (韻) 昔 (123)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 昌石切
Baxter tsyhek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕʰiæk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cʰiajk̚/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕʰĭɛk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cik1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 赤
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyhek ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[t-qʰ](r)Ak/
English red

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 赤
Reading # 1/1
No. 1477
Phonetic
component
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		尺
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰljaɡ/

Definitions

赤

  1. (literary or poetic) red, crimson
    赤字  ―  chìzì  ―  deficit (literally: red figures/numbers)
    赤色的晚霞  ―  chìsè de wǎnxiá  ―  red sunset clouds
  2. (Teochew) brown
  3. loyal; sincere
    赤忱  ―  chìchén  ―  absolutely sincere
  4. empty; bare
    赤貧／赤贫  ―  chìpín  ―  utterly destitute
    赤手空拳  ―  chìshǒukōngquán  ―  with bare hands and fists
  5. to be naked
    赤腳／赤脚  ―  chìjiǎo  ―  to be barefoot
  6. (politics) revolutionary; communist; red
    赤化  ―  chìhuà  ―  to communize; to turn Red
  7. pure gold
  8. (Hokkien) lean (of meat)
  9. (Hokkien) to brown (to cook something until it becomes brown)
  10. (Hokkien) fierce and unreasonable; tough and unable to talk sense (especially of a woman)
  11. (Mainland China Hokkien) poor; impoverished
Synonyms
  • (red):
Dialectal synonyms of 紅 (“red”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 赤, 紅, 彤
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 紅
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 紅
Taiwan 紅
Chifeng 紅
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 紅
Harbin 紅
Shenyang 紅
Malaysia 紅
Singapore 紅
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 紅
Tangshan 紅
Cangzhou 紅
Baoding 紅
Shijiazhuang 紅
Jinan 紅
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 紅
Qingdao 紅
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 紅
Wanrong 紅
Zhengzhou 紅
Xi'an 紅
Xining 紅
Xuzhou 紅
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 紅
Lanzhou 紅
Ürümqi 紅
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 紅
Chongqing 紅
Wuhan 紅
Guiyang 紅
Kunming 紅
Guilin 紅
Liuzhou 紅
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 紅
Yangzhou 紅
Nantong 紅
Hefei 紅
Cantonese Guangzhou 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 紅
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 紅
Macau 紅
Guangzhou (Panyu) 紅
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 紅
Guangzhou (Conghua) 紅
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 紅
Foshan 紅
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 紅
Foshan (Shunde) 紅
Foshan (Sanshui) 紅
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 紅
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 紅
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 紅
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 紅
Zhuhai (Doumen) 紅
Jiangmen (Baisha) 紅
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 紅
Taishan 紅
Kaiping (Chikan) 紅
Enping (Niujiang) 紅
Heshan (Yayao) 紅
Dongguan 紅
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 紅
Yangjiang 紅
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 紅
Singapore (Guangfu) 紅
Gan Nanchang 紅
Lichuan 紅
Pingxiang 紅
Hakka Meixian 紅
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 紅
Dongguan (Qingxi) 紅
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 紅
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 紅
Wuhua (Huacheng) 紅
Heyuan (Bendihua) 紅
Wengyuan 紅
Liannan 紅
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 紅
Jiexi 紅
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 紅
Changting 紅
Wuping (Yanqian) 紅
Ninghua 紅
Yudu 紅
Ningdu 紅
Tonggu (Sandu) 紅
Ganzhou (Panlong) 紅
Dayu 紅
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 紅
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 紅
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 紅
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 紅
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 紅
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Mengshan (Xihe) 紅
Luchuan 紅
Senai (Huiyang) 紅
Kuching (Hepo) 紅
Huizhou Jixi 紅
Shexian 紅
Jin Taiyuan 紅
Xinzhou 紅
Linhe 紅
Jining 紅
Hohhot 紅
Zhangjiakou 紅
Handan 紅
Northern Min Jian'ou 紅
Eastern Min Fuzhou 紅
Southern Min Xiamen 紅
Xiamen (Tong'an) 紅
Quanzhou 紅
Yongchun 紅
Zhangzhou 紅
Zhao'an 紅
Taipei (Wanhua) 紅
Kaohsiung 紅
Yilan 紅
Changhua (Lukang) 紅
Taichung 紅
Taichung (Wuqi) 紅
Tainan 紅
Taitung 紅
Hsinchu 紅
Penghu (Magong) 紅
Penang (Hokkien) 紅
Singapore (Hokkien) 紅
Manila (Hokkien) 紅
Chaozhou 紅
Shantou 紅
Shantou (Chenghai) 紅
Jieyang 紅
Haifeng 紅
Bangkok (Teochew) 紅
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 紅
Singapore (Teochew) 紅
Leizhou 紅
Wenchang 紅
Haikou 紅
Singapore (Hainanese) 紅
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 赤
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 紅
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 紅
Shehua Fu'an 赤
Fuding 赤
Luoyuan 赤
Sanming 紅
Shunchang 紅
Hua'an 紅
Guixi (Zhangping) 紅
Cangnan 赤
Jingning (Hexi) 赤
Lishui 赤
Longyou 赤
Chaozhou 紅
Fengshun 紅
Wu Shanghai 紅
Shanghai (Chongming) 紅
Suzhou 紅
Danyang 紅
Hangzhou 紅
Ningbo 紅
Wenzhou 紅
Jinhua 紅
Xiang Changsha 紅
Loudi 紅
  • (poor):
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 窮, 貧窮
Singapore 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 窮
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 窮
Wanrong 窮
Xi'an 窮
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 窮
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 苦寒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 窮
Cantonese Guangzhou 窮
Hong Kong 窮
Taishan 窮
Gan Nanchang 窮
Pingxiang 窮
Hakka Meixian 窮
Jin Taiyuan 窮
Northern Min Jian'ou 窮無
Eastern Min Fuzhou 窮
Southern Min Xiamen 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Quanzhou 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Hui'an 窮赤
Zhangzhou 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
Tainan 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
Manila (Hokkien) 窮, 無錢, 宋凶
Raoping 磽
Shantou 窮, 磽
Jieyang 窮, 磽
Leizhou 窮, 蒯
Wu Shanghai 窮
Suzhou 窮
Danyang 窮
Hangzhou 窮
Jinhua 倒灶

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Proto-Mien: *sekᴰ (“red”)

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
 赤
alternative forms 𣤩

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From 刺?”)

Pronunciation

Definitions

赤

  1. (Cantonese) painful; aching
    頭赤／头赤 [Cantonese]  ―  tau4 cek3 [Jyutping]  ―  to have a headache
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 疼 (“painful”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 痛, 疼1, 疼痛
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 疼1
Taiwan 痛
Chifeng 疼1
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 疼1, 痛
Harbin 疼1
Shenyang 疼1, 痛
Malaysia 痛, 疼
Singapore 痛
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 疼1
Tangshan 疼1
Cangzhou 疼1
Baoding 疼1
Shijiazhuang 疼1, 痛
Jinan 疼1
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 痛
Qingdao 疼1
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 疼1
Wanrong 疼1
Zhengzhou 疼1
Xi'an 疼1
Xining 疼1
Xuzhou 疼1
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 疼1
Lanzhou 疼1
Ürümqi 疼1
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 痛, 疼1
Chongqing 痛
Wuhan 疼1
Guiyang 痛
Kunming 疼1, 痛
Guilin 痛
Liuzhou 痛
Dagudi (Maliba) 疼1
Reshuitang (Longling) 疼1
Mae Salong (Lancang) 疼1
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 疼1
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 疼1
Yangzhou 疼1, 痛
Nantong 疼1, 痛
Hefei 疼1
Cantonese Guangzhou 痛, 赤
Hong Kong 痛, 赤
Taishan 赤
Kaiping (Chikan) 赤
Yangjiang 痛
Nanning 痛
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 痛
Singapore (Guangfu) 痛
Gan Nanchang 痛
Hakka Meixian 痛
Dongguan (Qingxi) 痛
Heyuan (Bendihua) 痛
Wengyuan 痛
Liannan 痛
Jiexi 疾
Luhe 痛
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 疾
Changting 疾
Wuping (Yanqian) 疾
Ninghua 疾
Yudu 痛
Ningdu 痛
Tonggu (Sandu) 痛
Ganzhou (Panlong) 痛
Dayu 痛
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 痛
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 痛
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 痛
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 痛
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 疾
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 疾
Hong Kong 痛
Yangxi (Tangkou) 痛
Yangchun (Sanjia) 痛
Xinyi (Sihe) 痛
Xinyi (Qianpai) 痛
Gaozhou (Xindong) 痛
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 痛
Huazhou (Xin'an) 痛
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 痛
Lianjiang (Qingping) 痛
Mengshan (Xihe) 痛
Luchuan 痛
Senai (Huiyang) 痛
Kuching (Hepo) 痛
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 痛
Huizhou Jixi 痛
Shexian 痛
Jin Taiyuan 疼1
Xinzhou 疼1
Linhe 疼1
Jining 疼1
Hohhot 疼1
Zhangjiakou 疼1
Handan 疼1
Northern Min Jian'ou 字
Eastern Min Fuzhou 疼2
Southern Min Xiamen 疼2
Quanzhou 疼2
Zhangzhou 疼2
Tainan 疼2
Singapore (Hokkien) 疼2
Manila (Hokkien) 疼2
Chaozhou 疼2
Shantou (Chaoyang) 疼2
Bangkok (Teochew) 疼2
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 疼2
Singapore (Teochew) 疼2
Leizhou 疼2
Wenchang 疼2
Haikou 疼2
Singapore (Hainanese) 疼2
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 痛
Wu Shanghai 痛
Suzhou 痛
Danyang 痛
Hangzhou 痛
Ningbo 痛
Wenzhou 痛
Xiang Changsha 痛
Shuangfeng 痛

Compounds

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 赤 – see 刺 (“a pointed structure which is able to pierce something; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 刺).
Notes:

References

Japanese

Stroke order

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. red

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) あか [áꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][1]
  • IPA(key): [a̠ka̠]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Kyoto) あか [àká] (Teiki – [0])[1]

Noun

Kanji in this term
赤
あか
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
朱
紅

赤(あか) or 赤(アカ) • (aka) 

  1. red (color)
  2. communism, socialism
  3. a communist

Derived terms

Prefix

赤(あか) • (aka-) 

  1. entirely

Derived terms

See also

Colors in Japanese · 色(いろ) (iro) (layout · text)
     白(しろ) (shiro)      灰(はい)色(いろ) (haiiro),
鼠(ねずみ)色(いろ) (nezumiiro) (dated) 		     黒(くろ) (kuro)
             赤(あか) (aka); 深(しん)紅(く) (shinku),
クリムゾン (kurimuzon),
紅(べに)色(いろ) (beniiro),
紅(くれない)色(いろ) (kurenaiiro),
茜(あかね)色(いろ) (akaneiro) 		             橙(だいだい)色(いろ) (daidaiiro),
オレンジ (orenji); 茶(ちゃ)色(いろ) (chairo),
褐(かっ)色(しょく) (kasshoku) 		             黄(き)色(いろ) (kiiro); クリーム色(いろ) (kurīmuiro)
             黄(き)緑(みどり) (kimidori)              緑(みどり) (midori),
青(あお) (ao) (dated) 		             若(わか)緑(みどり) (wakamidori)
             水(みず)色(いろ) (mizuiro),
シアン (shian); 鴨(かも)の(の)羽(はね)色(いろ) (kamo no hane iro) 		             空(そら)色(いろ) (sorairo),
縹(はなだ) (hanada);
青(あお) (ao) 		             紺(こん)藍(あい) (kon'ai);
紺(こん) (kon)
             菫(すみれ)色(いろ) (sumireiro); 藍(あい)色(いろ) (aiiro),
インジゴ (injigo) 		             赤(あか)紫(むらさき) (akamurasaki),
マゼンタ (mazenta); 紫(むらさき) (murasaki) 		             桃(もも)色(いろ) (momoiro),
ピンク (pinku)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “あか 【赤・紅・朱・緋】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Nakai, Yukihiko, editor (2002), 京阪系アクセント辞典 [A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

赤 (eumhun 붉을 적 (bulgeul jeok))

  1. hanja form? of 적 (“red”)

Kunigami

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /hakaː/

Noun

赤(はか゚ー) (ha'ngā) 

  1. red

Miyako

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aka/

Noun

赤(あか) (aka) 

  1. red

Northern Amami Ōshima

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [akʰa]

Noun

赤(あか) (aka) 

  1. red

Okinawan

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

  • Kun: あか (aka, 赤, Jōyō)、あかさん (akasan, 赤さん)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔaka/

Noun

赤(あか) (aka) 

  1. red

Vietnamese

Han character

赤: Hán Nôm readings: xích

  1. chữ Hán form of xích (“red”)

Compounds

Yaeyama

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔaka/

Noun

赤(あか) (aka) 

  1. red

Yonaguni

Kanji

赤

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *aka, from Proto-Japonic *aka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aɡa/

Noun

赤(あが) (aga) 

  1. red
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