磽

See also: 硗

磽	U+78FD, 磽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78FD

← 磼
[U+78FC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

磾 →
[U+78FE]

Translingual

Han character

磽 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一口土土山 (MRGGU), four-corner 1461₁, composition ⿰石堯)

hard and infertile

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 837, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24494
Dae Jaweon: page 1254, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2455, character 3
Unihan data for U+78FD

Chinese

trad.		磽
simp.		硗
alternative forms		磝

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (垚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
撓	hŋaːw, rŋaːw, *rnaːwʔ
鐃	*rŋaːw
譊	*rŋaːw
橈	rŋaːws, ŋjew
磽	ŋ̊ʰreːw, ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ
墝	*ŋ̊ʰreːw
穘	*hŋreːw
顤	hŋreːw, ŋeːws
燒	hŋjew, hŋjaws
饒	ŋjew, ŋjaws
蟯	ŋjew, ʔŋew
蕘	*ŋjew
襓	*ŋjew
繞	ŋjewʔ, ŋjaws
遶	*ŋjewʔ
嬈	njewʔ, neːwʔ, *hŋeːws
趬	ŋ̊ʰew, ŋ̊ʰews
蹺	*ŋ̊ʰew
翹	ɡew, ɡews
澆	ŋkeːw, ŋeːws
驍	*ŋkeːw
僥	kŋeːwʔ, ŋeːw
堯	*ŋeːw
垚	*ŋeːw
嶢	*ŋeːw
獟	*ŋeːws
膮	hŋeːw, hŋeːwʔ
嘵	*hŋeːw
憢	*hŋeːw
曉	*hŋeːwʔ
皢	*hŋeːwʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiāo (qiao¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haau¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khau

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiao¹ / kiou¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciao
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiao¹
  - Yale: chyāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiau
  - Palladius: цяо (cjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haau¹
  - Yale: hāau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hao¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khau
  - Tâi-lô: khau
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qaw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰau⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰau³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiao¹ / kiou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiau / khiou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiau³³/, /kʰiou³³/

Note:

kiao1 - Shantou, Jieyang;
kiou1 - Chaozhou, Chenghai.

Middle Chinese: khaew, khewX, ngaewH

Rime
Character	磽	磽	磽
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)	蕭 (93)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	IV	II
Fanqie	口交切	苦皎切	五敎切
Baxter	khaew	khewX	ngaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠau/	/kʰeu^X/	/ŋˠau^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚau/	/kʰeu^X/	/ŋᵚau^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰau/	/kʰeu^X/	/ŋau^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨw/	/kʰɛw^X/	/ŋaɨw^H/
Li Rong	/kʰau/	/kʰeu^X/	/ŋau^H/
Wang Li	/kʰau/	/kʰieu^X/	/ŋau^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰau/	/kʰieu^X/	/ŋau^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāo	qiǎo	yào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haau¹	hiu²	ngaau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʰˤrew/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰreːw/, /*ŋreːws/, /*ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiāo
Middle Chinese	‹ khæw ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.q]ʰˁrew/
English	stony soil
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磽	磽	磽
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	14661	14663	14688
Phonetic component	垚	垚	垚
Rime group	宵	宵	宵
Rime subdivision	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	敲	樂
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰreːw/	/*ŋreːws/	/*ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ/

Definitions

磽

(of land or soil) hard and rocky; solid and stony
barren and infertile soil
(Teochew) poor

Synonyms

(poor):

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	窮
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	窮
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	苦寒
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
Gan	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	窮無
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	窮
Southern Min	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Manila (Hokkien)	窮, 無錢, 宋凶
	Raoping	磽
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Shanghai	窮
	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶

Compounds

磽地 / 硗地
磽瘠 / 硗瘠
磽确
磽薄 / 硗薄

Japanese

Kanji

磽

(Hyōgai kanji)

rocky
barren

Readings

Go-on: きょう (kyō)
Kan-on: こう (kō)

Korean

Hanja

磽 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)

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