貧窮
See also: 贫穷
Chinese
| poor | exhausted; poor | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (貧窮) | 貧 | 窮 | |
| simp. (贫穷) | 贫 | 穷 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: pínqióng
- Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: píncyóng
- Wade–Giles: pʻin2-chʻiung2
- Yale: pín-chyúng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynchyong
- Palladius: пиньцюн (pinʹcjun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: pan4 kung4
- Yale: pàhn kùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: pan4 kung4
- Guangdong Romanization: pen4 kung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰɐn²¹ kʰʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kiông
- Tâi-lô: pîn-kiông
- Phofsit Daibuun: pinkioong
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kêng
- Tâi-lô: pîn-kîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: pinkeeng
- IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Middle Chinese: bin gjuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rə[n] [ɡ](r)uŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*brɯn ɡuŋ/
Adjective
貧窮
Synonyms
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難 / 困难
- 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 | |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
| Wanrong | 窮 | |
| Xi'an | 窮 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Hong Kong | 窮 | |
| Taishan | 窮 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Pingxiang | 窮 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 | |
| Hui'an | 窮赤 | |
| Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 | |
| Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 窮, 無錢, 宋凶 | |
| Raoping | 磽 | |
| Shantou | 窮, 磽 | |
| Jieyang | 窮, 磽 | |
| Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Suzhou | 窮 | |
| Danyang | 窮 | |
| Hangzhou | 窮 | |
| Jinhua | 倒灶 | |
Antonyms
- 富裕 (fùyù)
Derived terms
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 貧 | 窮 |
| ひん Grade: 5 |
きゅう Grade: S |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
貧窮 • (hinkyū)
- extreme poverty
Verb
貧窮する • (hinkyū suru) suru (stem 貧窮し (hinkyū shi), past 貧窮した (hinkyū shita))
- to suffer extreme poverty
Conjugation
Conjugation of "貧窮する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 貧窮し | ひんきゅうし | hinkyū shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 貧窮し | ひんきゅうし | hinkyū shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 貧窮する | ひんきゅうする | hinkyū suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 貧窮する | ひんきゅうする | hinkyū suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 貧窮すれ | ひんきゅうすれ | hinkyū sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 貧窮せよ¹ 貧窮しろ² |
ひんきゅうせよ¹ ひんきゅうしろ² |
hinkyū seyo¹ hinkyū shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 貧窮される | ひんきゅうされる | hinkyū sareru | |
| Causative | 貧窮させる 貧窮さす |
ひんきゅうさせる ひんきゅうさす |
hinkyū saseru hinkyū sasu | |
| Potential | 貧窮できる | ひんきゅうできる | hinkyū dekiru | |
| Volitional | 貧窮しよう | ひんきゅうしよう | hinkyū shiyō | |
| Negative | 貧窮しない | ひんきゅうしない | hinkyū shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 貧窮せず | ひんきゅうせず | hinkyū sezu | |
| Formal | 貧窮します | ひんきゅうします | hinkyū shimasu | |
| Perfective | 貧窮した | ひんきゅうした | hinkyū shita | |
| Conjunctive | 貧窮して | ひんきゅうして | hinkyū shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 貧窮すれば | ひんきゅうすれば | hinkyū sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||