𐽰𐽾
Old Uyghur
| Uyghur script | 𐽰𐽾𐽳𐾁 (ʾrwl /ärül/) 𐽰𐽰𐽾 (ʾʾr /ar/)[1] 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽾 (ʾykyr /e[ke]r/) 𐽶𐽰 (yʾ /[är]/) 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (ʾʾt /[är]/) 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽰 (ʾʾdʾ /[är]/) |
|---|---|
| Orkhon script | 𐰼 (r² /är/) 𐱁 (š /ä[r]/) |
| Manichaean script | 𐫀𐫡 (ʾr /är/)[2] |
| Arabic script | ار (ʾr /är/)[3] |
| Syriac script | ܐܪ (ʾr /är/)[4] |
| Brahmi script | 𑀏𑀬𑀭𑁆 (eyar /er/) 𑀯𑀸𑀭𑁆 (vār /är, uär, ar, uar/) 𑀅𑀬𑀭𑁆𑀬𑁆 (ayary /är/)[5] 𑀏𑀬𑀭𑁆𑀬𑁆 (eyary /er/)[6] |
| Tibetan script | ཨྱེར (ʔyer /är, er/) |
| Han script | 額兒 (ngaek.nye /ä[ŕ]/)[7] |
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼 (r² /er/) and Karakhanid اَرْ (er).
Relation to 𐽰𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾrmʾk /är-/, “to be, copular verb”) and 𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰𐽹 (ʾrdʾm /ärdäm/, “virtue”) is unclear. Unrelated to 𐽰𐽶𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽷 (ʾyrkʾk /erkäk/, “man”) and 𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽷𐽳𐽺 (ʾrkʾkwn /Ärkägün/, “Christian”).
Noun
𐽰𐽾 (ʾr /er/)
- man, adult male human
- Synonyms: 𐽰𐽶𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽷 (ʾyrkʾk /erkäk/), 𐾀𐽳𐽺𐽷𐽴𐽶 (twnkzy /tuŋze/), 𐽰𐽳𐽾𐽶 (ʾwry /urï/)
- Coordinate terms: 𐽲𐽰𐾀𐽳𐽺 (qʾtwn /ḥatun/), 𐽲𐽳𐽺𐽽𐽳𐽶 (qwncwy /ḳunčuy/), 𐽷𐽶𐽿𐽶 (kyšy /kiši/), 𐽲𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽴 (qwdwz /ḳoduz/), 𐽰𐽳𐽴𐽳𐽺𐾀𐽳𐽺𐾁𐽳𐽲 (ʾwzwntwnlwq /uzuntonluġ/)
- c. 8th century, Manuscript on astronomy left page, lines 08-13, verso (U5.44-49):[8][9]
- 𐰴𐰀𐰢𐰼𐰑𐰀:𐱁
𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃
𐰆𐰔:𐱁𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰘
𐰢𐰀:𐰃𐰚𐰃𐰤𐱅
𐰀:𐱁:𐰨𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰢
𐰃𐰾:𐰴𐰀𐰢- qamr²d¹a:š
kl²ig:y¹ul¹t¹
uz:šmis²:y²
ma:ikin²t²
a:š:nča:t²im
is²:qam - /Kamerde ä[r]klig yultuz ärmiš yemä ikintä ä[r] anča temiš. Kam.../
- The moon is also a virile celestial body, the second man have said so. […]
- qamr²d¹a:š
- 𐰴𐰀𐰢𐰼𐰑𐰀:𐱁
- (sociology) ruler, master, beg
- (used by women) husband, male partner
- Synonyms: 𐽼𐽰𐽷 (pʾk /bäg/), 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽰 (ʾykʾ /igä/)
- Coordinate terms: 𐽰𐽱𐽽𐽶 (ʾβcy /ävči/), 𐽰𐽶𐽿𐽶 (ʾyšy /eši/), 𐽷𐽶𐽿𐽶 (kyšy /kiši/), 𐽶𐽳𐾀𐽳𐽴 (ywtwz /yutuz/)
Declension
| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽰𐽾 (ʾr) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾 (ʾrlʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾrnynk) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾrlʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (ʾrkʾ) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (ʾrlʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (ʾryk), 𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (ʾrny) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (ʾrlʾryk), 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (ʾrlʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (ʾrdʾ) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (ʾrlʾrdʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (ʾrdyn) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (ʾrlʾrdyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (ʾryn) | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (ʾrlʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽰𐽾𐽽𐽰 (ʾrcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (ʾrkʾrw), 𐽰𐽾𐽾𐽰 (ʾrrʾ) | |
| similative | 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (ʾrlʾyw) |
Compound terms
Derived terms
- 𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾrʾn /ärän/, “men, mankind, followers, heroes”) (only used in the plural)
- 𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽹 (ʾrym /ärim/, “manners, stance”)
- 𐽰𐽾𐽷 (ʾrk /ärk/, “power, strength, sovereignty, independence”)
- 𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽽 (ʾrkʾc /ärkäč/, “billy, buck, he-goat”)
- 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾrlʾmʾk /ärlä-/, “to act in a masculine manner”)
- 𐽰𐽾𐾁𐽶𐽷 (ʾrlyk /ärlik/, “potency, sexual drive, manhood”)
Descendants
- Western Yugur: erə (erï)
- ⇒ Western Yugur: eren (eren, “husband”)
- ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽱𐽽𐽶 (ʾr ʾβcy /er-evči/, “wife and husband”, literally “man and the house-person”)
- Western Yugur: erehpdʐi (ereʰpǯi, “married couple”)
Proper noun
𐽰𐽾 (ʾr /Er/)
- a male given name
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽺𐽳𐽷 𐽼𐽶𐽴𐾅𐽶 ― ʾr ʾnwk pyz̤y /Är Änük Biži/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽼𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽶 ― ʾr pwyry /Är Böri/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽼𐽳𐽲𐽰 ― ʾr pwqʾ /Är Buḳa/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽼𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 ― ʾr pwyrt /Är Bürt/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽲𐾄𐽳𐾀𐾁𐽳𐽲 𐽻𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 ― ʾr q̈wtlwq sylyk /Är Ḳutluġ Silig/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐽻𐽰𐽺𐽽𐽹𐽶𐽿 ― ʾr sʾncmyš /Är Sančmïš/
- 𐽰𐽾 𐾀𐽳𐽺𐽷𐽰 ― ʾr twnkʾ /Är Toŋa/
References
- Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “är”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 73
- Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) är”, in Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 110-111
- Yunusoğlu, Mağfiret Kemal (2012) Uygurca-Çince İdikut Sözlüğü[1] (in Turkish), Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, page 76