-ja-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

Swahili

Etymology

From -ja (“come”).

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Infix

-ja-

  1. negative perfect marker
    Antonym: -me-
    bado sijala ― I have not yet eaten
    walikuwa hawajalala ― they were not asleep

Usage notes

Often used together with the adverb bado to express "to have not yet".

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ja-
singular plural
1st person sija- hatuja-
2nd person huja- hamja-
3rd
person 		m-wa(I/II) haja- hawaja-
m-mi(III/IV) hauja- haija-
ji-ma(V/VI) halija- hayaja-
ki-vi(VII/VIII) hakija- havija-
n(IX/X) haija- hazija-
u(XI) hauja- see n(X) or ma(VI)
ku(XV/XVII) hakuja-
pa(XVI) hapaja-
mu(XVIII) hamja-

For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs.

See also

Swahili TAM markers
  • Initial
    • Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-1
    • Negative infinitive: kuto-
    • Habitual: hu-1
    • Telegrammic: ka-1
  • Final
    • General (positive indicative): -a
    • Positive subjunctive: -e
    • Negative present: -i
    • Second person plural: -ni
  • Infix position positive subject concord
    • Positive past: -li-
    • Positive present: -na-
    • Positive future: -ta-
    • Negative subjunctive: -si-1
    • Positive present conditional: -nge-
    • Negative present conditional: -singe-
    • Positive past conditional: -ngali-
    • Negative past conditional: -singali-
    • Gnomic: -a-1
    • Perfect: -me-
    • "Already" past: -lisha-
    • "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
    • "If/When": -ki-1
    • "If not": -sipo-
    • Consecutive: -ka-1
  • Infix position negative subject concord
    • Negative past: -ku-1
    • Negative future: -ta-
    • "Not yet": -ja-1
    • Negative present conditional: -nge-
    • Negative past conditional: -ngali-
  • Relative

1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

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