ku-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ku"

Chichewa

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix
  2. Class 17 noun prefix

Derived terms

Chichewa terms prefixed with ku-
cho-
kufetsa
kugulitsa
kumadzi
kumwetsa
kupangira
kusaba
kusafetsa
kusamwetsa
kusaona
kuthamangathamanga
wo-
zo-

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 subject concord
  2. Class 17 subject concord

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay ku-, from Proto-Malayic *ku-, nominative proclitic variant of *aku.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ku/

Prefix

ku-

  1. I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
    Tanahku negeriku yang kucinta.
    My land, my country that I love.

See also

Indonesian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person exclusive regular aku,
saya1 		kami
enclitic -ku -
proclitic ku- -
1st person inclusive - kita
2nd person regular kamu,
Anda2,
kau3 		kalian,
Anda2,
Anda sekalian2,
Anda semua2
enclitic -mu -
3rd person regular dia,
beliau4,
ia3 		mereka
enclitic -nya -
reflexive diri5, diri sendiri
emphatic sendiri
1 Polite.
2 Formal.
3 Now mostly literary.
4 Respectful.

5 Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.
Notes:
  • This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
  • The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
  • The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.
See each entry for more information.

Further reading

Kambera

Pronoun

ku-

  1. first person singular nominative proclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics
nominative genitive accusative dative
singular first person ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
second person mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
third person na- -na -ya -nya
plural first
person 		inclusive ta- -nda -ta -nda
exclusive ma- -ma -kama -nggama
second person mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
third person da- -da -ha -nja

Makasar

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ku- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)

  1. I
  2. we (first person plural exclusive)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns
independent absolutive nominative possessive
1st sg / 1st pl exclusive nakke -a' ku- -ku
1st pl exclusive (archaic) kambe -kang ki- -mang
1st pl inclusive / 2nd sg polite katte -ki' ki- -ta
2nd sg / pl familiar kau -ko nu- -nu
3rd sg / pl ia -i na- -na

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *ku-, nominative proclitic variant of *aku.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ku/

Prefix

ku- (Jawi spelling کوـ)

  1. I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
    kutahu ― I know

See also

Malay personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person standard

saya / ساي
aku / اکو, ku- / كوـ (informal/towards God)
-ku / ـكو (poetic possessive)
hamba / همبا (dated)
daku / داکو (poetic)

kami / کامي (exclusive)
kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive)
kita / کيت (inclusive)

royal

beta / بيتا

2nd person standard

engkau / اڠکاو, kau- / كاوـ (informal/poetic/towards God)
kau / كاو (informal)
awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger)
anda / اندا (formal)
awda / اءودا (Brunei, formal)
-mu / ـمو (poetic possessive)
dikau / ديکاو (poetic)

anda semua / اندا سموا (formal)
awak semua / اوق سموا
kamu semua / كامو سموا
kalian / کالين (archaic)
kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal)

royal

tuanku / توانكو

3rd person standard

dia / دي
ia / اي
beliau / بلياو (honorific)
-nya / ـڽ (possessive)

mereka / مريک
dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal)

royal

baginda / بݢيندا

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 17 subject concord.
  2. it; class 17 object concord.

Phuthi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 17 subject concord.
  2. it; class 17 object concord.

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Swahili

Alternative forms

  • (in certain cases before a vowel) kw-

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. ku class(XV) noun prefix; used before verb stem with eventual object concord to form infinitive
    1. used to form verbnoun
      Kufanya kazi ni muhimu ili kupata pesa.
      Working is important in order to earn money.
    2. used after auxiliary verbs that do not require subject agreement and tense/aspect marking on the dependent verb
      Nataka kukisoma.
      I want to read it.
      Ilisababisha watu kujifunza zaidi.
      It caused people to study more.
      • 2023, “Waasi wa ADF wadaiwa kuwaua raia”, in DW‎[1]:
        Watu wasiopungua kumi wanadaiwa kuuawa na wengine zaidi ya thelathini kujeruhiwa vibaya.
        At least ten people are claimed to have been killed and more than thirty others to have been seriously injured.
    3. used after -a (including in the presense of a subject)
      kitabu cha kufundishia ― book of instruction
      baada ya kipindi kupita ― after the period passes/passed
    4. used after na to replace elided subject agreement and tense/aspect marking
      Nilisoma na kuandika.
      I read and wrote.
  2. ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) adjective agreement prefix
    Kusafiri ni kuzuri sana.
    Traveling is great.
    mahali kuzuri ― a nice area
  3. verb-initial form of -ku- (“you, 2st person singular (or, if with suffix -ni, plural) object concord”)
See also
  • Appendix:Swahili noun classes
Swahili TAM markers
  • Initial
    • Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-1
    • Negative infinitive: kuto-
    • Habitual: hu-1
    • Telegrammic: ka-1
  • Final
    • General (positive indicative): -a
    • Positive subjunctive: -e
    • Negative present: -i
    • Second person plural: -ni
  • Infix position positive subject concord
    • Positive past: -li-
    • Positive present: -na-
    • Positive future: -ta-
    • Negative subjunctive: -si-1
    • Positive present conditional: -nge-
    • Negative present conditional: -singe-
    • Positive past conditional: -ngali-
    • Negative past conditional: -singali-
    • Gnomic: -a-1
    • Perfect: -me-
    • "Already" past: -lisha-
    • "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
    • "If/When": -ki-1
    • "If not": -sipo-
    • Consecutive: -ka-1
  • Infix position negative subject concord
    • Negative past: -ku-1
    • Negative future: -ta-
    • "Not yet": -ja-1
    • Negative present conditional: -nge-
    • Negative past conditional: -ngali-
  • Relative

1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it, there; ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) subject concord
    Antonym: haku-
    Kutoa kunatokana na moyo.
    Giving comes from the heart.
    Kuna watu wengi nchini wanaotaka amani.
    There are many people in the country who want peace.
  2. verb-initial form of -ku- (“there, ku class(XVII) object concord”)
See also
Swahili verbal concords (third person)
class subject concord object concord relative
affirmative negative
m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo

For a full table including first and second person,
see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

Swazi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 17 subject concord.
  2. it; class 17 object concord.

Taos

Pronunciation

Prefix

ku-

  1. (transitive) Second-person singular subject + third person duoplural object.

Tocharian A

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).

Verb

ku-

  1. to pour
  2. to offer a libation

Tocharian B

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).

Verb

ku-

  1. to pour
  2. to offer a libation

Tonga (Malawi)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix.

Tooro

Alternative forms

  • (before vowels) kw-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ku-/

Prefix

ku-

  1. class 15 pronominal concord
    ‎ku- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kunu (“this (class 15)”)
  2. it; class 15 subject concord
    ‎ku- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kukora (“it (class 15) does”)
  3. positive imperative form of -ku- (“it; class 15 object concord”)
    ‎ku- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kuha (“give it (class 15)”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns
class person independent possessive subject
concord 		object
concord 		combined forms
na ni
class 1 first nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
class 2 first itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
(...-yo) 		-ha- N/A nukwo
class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
(...-mu) 		-ha- N/A numwo
reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

References

  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

Tumbuka

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix.
  2. Class 17 noun prefix.

Derived terms

Tumbuka terms prefixed with ku-
kugoneska
kuguliska
kujikuzga
kukuzga
kulyeska
kumanya
kumbwata
kumwemwetera
kumweska
kuzguka

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 subject concord.
  2. Class 17 subject concord.

Xhosa

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. it; class 17 subject concord.
  2. it; class 17 object concord.

Yao

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 noun prefix.

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ku-]

Prefix

ku-

  1. Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel u.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers
pronoun noun possessor/
series II verb argument 		postposition object series I verb argument
transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent
first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1
second person amödö ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive nña y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni-
third person tüwü n-, ni-
distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- —
reciprocal — — öö-
  1. With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
series I verb argument:
transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person see person X in the chart above

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

kú-

  1. you; second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 15 simple noun prefix.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

kú-

  1. it; class 15 subject concord.
  2. it; class 15 object concord.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

Prefix

ku-

  1. Class 17 simple noun prefix.

Etymology 5

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

Prefix

kú-

  1. it; class 17 subject concord.
  2. it; class 17 object concord.

References

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