-ku
Indonesian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Malay -ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈku/ [ˈku]
- Rhymes: -u
- Syllabification: -ku
Suffix
-ku
- (casual or informal) first person singular oblique enclitic pronoun
Usage notes
As with other clitic pronouns in the language, this clitic is optional.
See also
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person exclusive | regular | aku, saya1 |
kami |
| enclitic | -ku | - | |
| proclitic | ku- | - | |
| 1st person inclusive | - | kita | |
| 2nd person | regular | kamu, Anda2, kau3 |
kalian, Anda2, Anda sekalian2, Anda semua2 |
| enclitic | -mu | - | |
| 3rd person | regular | dia, beliau4, ia3 |
mereka |
| enclitic | -nya | - | |
| reflexive | diri5, diri sendiri | ||
| emphatic | sendiri | ||
2 Formal.
3 Now mostly literary.
4 Respectful.
5 Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.
- This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
- The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
- The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.
Further reading
- “-ku” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Japanese
Romanization
-ku
Makasar
Alternative forms
- -ngku
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ku]
Suffix
-ku (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
See also
| independent | absolutive | nominative | possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg / 1st pl exclusive | nakke | -a' | ku- | -ku |
| 1st pl exclusive (archaic) | kambe | -kang | ki- | -mang |
| 1st pl inclusive / 2nd sg polite | katte | -ki' | ki- | -ta |
| 2nd sg / pl familiar | kau | -ko | nu- | -nu |
| 3rd sg / pl | ia | -i | na- | -na |
Malay
Etymology
From ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ku/ [ku]
Audio (Malaysia): (file)
- Rhymes: -ku, -u
- Hyphenation: -ku
Suffix
-ku (Jawi spelling ـکو) (poetic, archaic)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- Dia memarahiku. ― He scolded me.
- me (object of a preposition)
- Dia pergi denganku. ― He went with me.
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
- "Negaraku" ― "My Country"
- Ini rumahku. ― This is my house.
See also
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | standard |
saya / ساي |
kami / کامي (exclusive) |
| royal | |||
| 2nd person | standard | ||
|
engkau / اڠکاو, kau- / كاوـ (informal/poetic/towards God) |
anda semua / اندا سموا (formal) | ||
| royal |
tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard |
dia / دي |
|
| royal |
baginda / بݢيندا | ||
Maori
Suffix
-ku
- Used in contractions with particles of possession to mean me
See also
| singular | dual | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | au, ahau | māua (exclusive) tāua (inclusive) |
mātou (exclusive) tātou (inclusive) | ||
| 2nd person | koe | kōrua | koutou | ||
| 3rd person | ia | rāua | rātou | ||
Pipil
Alternative forms
Suffix
-ku
- (no longer productive) locative suffix (meaning "in") used after a consonant
Further reading
- Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.47
Quechua
Suffix
-ku
- reflexive suffix: to or for oneself