mu-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"
Languages (23)
Bende • Cebuano • Chichewa • Duala • Fwe • Japanese • Kamba • Kambera • Ndengereko • Nheengatu • Northern Ndebele • Phuthi • Rwanda-Rundi • Shona • Southern Ndebele • Southern Pomo • Swahili • Swazi • Tooro • Tsonga • Tumbuka • Venda • Zulu
Page categories

Bende

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.
  2. Class 3 noun prefix.
  3. Class 18 noun prefix.

References

  • Yuko Abe (2006) A Bende Vocabulary‎[1], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

Cebuano

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /mu/ [mʊ]

Prefix

mu- (perfect ming-, mi-, ni-)

  1. alternative form of mo-

See also

Category Cebuano terms prefixed with mu- not found

Chichewa

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

Prefix

mu-

  1. second-person plural subject concord, you, you all
Usage notes

The second person plural is also used as a term for respect.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix
  2. Class 3 noun prefix
  3. Class 18 noun prefix

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 18 subject concord.

Duala

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.
  2. Class 3 noun prefix.

References

Fwe

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-. Compare Swahili m-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Japanese

Romanization

mu-

  1. Rōmaji transcription of む

Kamba

Alternative forms

Prefix

mu-

  1. you plural (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Kambera

Alternative forms

Pronoun

mu-

  1. second person singular nominative proclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics
nominative genitive accusative dative
singular first person ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
second person mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
third person na- -na -ya -nya
plural first
person 		inclusive ta- -nda -ta -nda
exclusive ma- -ma -kama -nggama
second person mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
third person da- -da -ha -nja

Ndengereko

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.
  2. Class 3 noun prefix.
  3. Class 18 noun prefix.

References

Nheengatu

Alternative forms

Etymology

    From Old Tupi mo-, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mo-, from Proto-Tupian *mo-.

    Noun

    mu-

    1. forms causative verbs from verbs

    Derived terms

    Nheengatu terms prefixed with mu-
    mupuranga

    References

    • Marcel Twardowsky Avila (2021) “mu-”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 491

    Northern Ndebele

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Phuthi

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 noun prefix.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
    2. him, her, it; class 3 object concord.

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 3 noun prefix.

    Rwanda-Rundi

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. you, second-person plural subject concord.
    2. Augmentless form of umu- (“class 1 or 3 noun prefix”)
    3. class 1 or 3 concord prefix for adjectives

    Alternative forms

    • mw- (before a vowel)

    Shona

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 noun prefix.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 3 noun prefix.

    Southern Ndebele

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Southern Pomo

    Alternative forms

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. heat, fire, emotion
    2. relating to a short object in the air

    Usage notes

    This prefix is used with verbs only.

    Swahili

    Alternative forms

    • m- (before consonants)
    • mw- (before vowels)

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu- (plural wa-)

    1. m class(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/ and /w/
      ‎mu- + ‎-ua (“to kill”) + ‎-ji (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muuaji (“killer”)

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu- (plural mi-)

    1. m class(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/, /w/, and occasionally /h/
      muhindi ― maize plant
      ‎mu- + ‎-ungana (“to join together”) + ‎-o (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muungano (“union”)

    See also

    • Appendix:Swahili noun classes

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. you, 2nd person plural subject concord used before /u/ and /w/
      Antonym: hamu-
    2. verb-initial form of -mu- (“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class(I)) object concord used before /u/ and /w/”)
    See also
    Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II))
    person independent subject concord object
    concord     		combined forms possessive
    affirmative negative na ndi- si-
    singular first mimi ni- si- -ni- nami, na mimi ndimi, ndiye simi, siye -angu
    second wewe u- hu- -ku- nawe, na wewe ndiwe, ndiye siwe, siye -ako
    third yeye a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- naye, na yeye ndiye siye -ake
    plural first sisi tu- hatu- -tu- nasi, na sisi ndisi, ndio sio -etu
    second ninyi m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -wa- nanyi, na ninyi ndinyi, ndio sinyi, sio -enu
    third wao wa- hawa- -wa- nao ndio sio -ao
    reflexive — — -ji- — —
    For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

    Etymology 4

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. therein, mu class(XVIII) subject concord used before /u/ and /w/
      Antonym: hamu-
    See also
    Swahili verbal concords (third person)
    class subject concord object concord relative
    affirmative negative
    m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
    wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
    m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
    mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
    ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
    ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
    ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
    vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
    n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
    n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
    u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
    ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
    pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
    mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo

    For a full table including first and second person,
    see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

    Swazi

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Tooro

    Alternative forms

    • (before vowels) mw-

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /mu-/

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. you, you all; 2nd person plural subject concord
      ‎mu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎mukora (“you all do”)

    See also

    Tooro personal pronouns
    class person independent possessive subject
    concord     		object
    concord     		combined forms
    na ni
    class 1 first nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
    second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
    third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
    class 2 first itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
    second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
    third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
    class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
    class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
    class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
    class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
    class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
    class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
    class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
    class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
    class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
    class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
    class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
    class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
    class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
    class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
    class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
    (...-yo)     		-ha- N/A nukwo
    class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
    (...-mu)     		-ha- N/A numwo
    reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

    References

    • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

    Tsonga

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 noun prefix.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

    Alternative forms

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 3 noun prefix.

    Tumbuka

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. 2nd person plural subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 noun prefix.
    2. Class 3 noun prefix.
    3. Class 18 noun prefix.

    Etymology 3

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 18 subject concord.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 adjective concord.
    2. Class 18 adjective concord.

    Venda

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 noun prefix.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 3 noun prefix.

    Zulu

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.
    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mú-

    1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

    Prefix

    mu-

    1. Class 3 simple noun prefix.
    Usage notes

    The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

    References

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