Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kōluz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*kōlaz, *kōliz, *kōlijaz

Etymology

Vṛddhi gerundive of *kalaną (“to be cold”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɔː.luz/

Adjective

*kōluz

cool

Inflection

Declension of *kōluz (u-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kōluz	*kōlī	kōlų, -jatō	*kōlijai	*kōlijôz	*kōlijō
accusative	*kōlijanǭ	*kōlijǭ	kōlų, -jatō	*kōlijanz	*kōlijōz	*kōlijō
genitive	kōlijas, kōlīs	*kōlijaizōz	kōlijas, kōlīs	*kōlijaizǫ̂	*kōlijaizǫ̂	*kōlijaizǫ̂
dative	*kōlijammai	*kōlijaizōi	*kōlijammai	*kōlijaimaz	*kōlijaimaz	*kōlijaimaz
instrumental	*kōlijanō	*kōlijaizō	*kōlijanō	*kōlijaimiz	*kōlijaimiz	*kōlijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kōlijô	*kōlijǭ	*kōlijô	*kōlijaniz	*kōlijōniz	*kōlijōnō
accusative	*kōlijanų	*kōlijōnų	*kōlijô	*kōlijanunz	*kōlijōnunz	*kōlijōnō
genitive	*kōlīniz	*kōlijōniz	*kōlīniz	*kōlijanǫ̂	*kōlijōnǫ̂	*kōlijanǫ̂
dative	*kōlīni	*kōlijōni	*kōlīni	*kōlijammaz	*kōlijōmaz	*kōlijammaz
instrumental	*kōlīnē	*kōlijōnē	*kōlīnē	*kōlijammiz	*kōlijōmiz	*kōlijammiz

Derived terms

*kōlēną/*kōlāną
*kōlijaną
*kōliþō
*kōlnaną

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kōl(ī)
- Old English: cōl, *cœ̄l, *cēl
  - Middle English: col, coul, cool
    - English: cool (see there for further descendants)
      - ⇒ English: coolth
    - Scots: cule, cuill, kuil, ceul, kül, queel
      - ⇒ Scots: queelie, kjöl (“coolness”)
  - ⇒ Old English: cōlnes, cœ̄lnes, cēlnes
    - Middle English: colnesse
      - English: coolness
- Old Frisian: *kōl
  - Saterland Frisian: köil
  - West Frisian: koel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
- Old Saxon: *kōli, *kōl
  - Middle Low German: kôle, kôl, kȫl
    - German Low German: köhl
    - Low German: kool, kööl, köhl
- Old Dutch: *cuol
  - Middle Dutch: coel
    - Dutch: koel
      - Afrikaans: koel
    - Limburgish: keul, kool
- Old High German: kuoli, chuali, chuoli, kuali
  - Middle High German: küele, küel, kůl, kule
    - Alemannic German: chüel
      - Alsatian: kiahl
      - Swabian: kiahl
    - Bavarian:
      - Hianzisch: kiahl
    - Central Franconian: köhl, kehl, kiehl
      - Hunsrik: kiel
      - Luxembourgish: kill
    - German: kühl
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Hessian: kihl, koil
      - Palatine German: kihl
      - Pennsylvania German: kiehl
    - Vilamovian: kīł
Old Norse: *kól (in derivatives)
- ⇒ Old Norse: kœla (< *kōlijaną)
- ⇒ Old Norse: kólna (< *kōlnaną)
→? Proto-Finnic: *kolëda (see there for further descendants)

Referenes

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kōlu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 299

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kōlu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 299

[1]