Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrītaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of unclear origin.

Kroonen derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *wreyd-, with no known cognates outside of Germanic.[1] The only one who has since attempted to find cognates in this vein is Matasović, who links this root to Latin rīdeō (“to laugh”).[2]

Pokorny and Lehmann suggest that the root is a d-extension of a Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cut, scratch”), for which see Old Armenian գիր (gir, “letter; writing”) for more possible cognates.[3] Latin rīma (“cleft, crack”) may also continue this same root.[4] However, as with the unrelated *wlītaną (q.v.), the extension may have been with a different dental consonant than *d in the case of back-influence from iterative *writtōną.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈwriː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrītaną[1][3]

  1. to scratch, carve
    Synonym: *hrītaną
  2. to engrave, inscribe, write
    Synonym: *skrībaną

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *wrītō *wrītaų — *wrītai ?
2nd singular *wrītizi *wrītaiz *wrīt *wrītazai *wrītaizau
3rd singular *wrītidi *wrītai *wrītadau *wrītadai *wrītaidau
1st dual *wrītōz *wrītaiw — — —
2nd dual *wrītadiz *wrītaidiz *wrītadiz — —
1st plural *wrītamaz *wrītaim — *wrītandai *wrītaindau
2nd plural *wrītid *wrītaid *wrītid *wrītandai *wrītaindau
3rd plural *wrītandi *wrītain *wrītandau *wrītandai *wrītaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *wrait *writį̄
2nd singular *wraist *writīz
3rd singular *wrait *writī
1st dual *writū *writīw
2nd dual *writudiz *writīdiz
1st plural *writum *writīm
2nd plural *writud *writīd
3rd plural *writun *writīn
present past
participles *wrītandz *writanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wrītan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 596-597
  2. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2024) “The etymology of Latin rīdeō and a new PIE root”, in Glotta, volume 100, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 327–331
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473
  4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “rīma”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 523-4
  5. ^ MacLeod, Mindy, Mees, Bernard (2006) Runic Amulets and Magic Objects, Boydell Press, →ISBN, pages 46, 49
  6. ^ Elmer H., Antonsen (2002) Runes and Germanic Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs), volume 140, Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 27
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