Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

    *perḱ-[1][2][3]

    1. colored
    2. speckled

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *perḱ- (colored) (59 c, 0 e)
    • *perḱ-ó-s[1]
      • Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
        • Proto-Brythonic: *erx
          • Middle Welsh: erch
            • Welsh: (obsolete) erch
        • Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca), ᚓᚏᚉ (erc)
          • Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
            • Irish: earc (“lizard”)
            • Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)
            • ⇒ Manx: eairkag (“newt”)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *perkós
        • Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)[4]
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)
            • → Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
    • *pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás
          • Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)
    • *pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s
      • ⇒ *porḱw-ó-s[1][2][5]
        • Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx
        • Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokắs)
        • Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “dewdrop”)
    • *pr̥ḱ-nó-s[1][4]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade[6])
      • Proto-Albanian: *prikna
        • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā[7]
          • Albanian: *prënjë
            • ⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)
      • ⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂[1][8]
        • Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s[9]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
          • Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
            • Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
            • Mazanderani: برجی (barji)
    • *pr̥ḱ-ró-s[10]
      • Proto-Italic: *porkros
        • >? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer[2], but disputed[11])
          • Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. perk̑-, prek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 820-821: “perk̑o-, pork̑o-, perk̑-no-, pr̥k̑-no-; *pr̥k̑-nā; *perk̑-nā; *porḱ-u̯ó-; *perk-ro-s zu *pelcro-, *polcro-”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*perk̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 537: “OLat polcher dissimilated from *porcer < *porcros”
    3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 128: “*perḱ-no-”
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*περκός; *pr̥ḱ-n-; *perḱ-n-; *porḱ-uó-”
    5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-; *porḱ-uó-; *perḱ-no; *pérḱ-o-; *pelḱ-ro- for *perḱ-ro-”
    6. ^ Beek, Lucien van (2013) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic liquids in Greek”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[2], page 279
    7. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 344
    8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furhnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”
    9. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “pṛ́śni-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”
    10. ^ Balles, Irene (2009) “Zu den i-stämmigen Adjektiven des Lateinischen”, in Proto-language and Prehistory: Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, vom 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004 in Krakau (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 15: “*pr̥ḱró-”
    11. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

    Root

      *perḱ-[1][2]

      1. to open, rip up
      2. to dig

      Derived terms

      Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *perḱ- (dig) (92 c, 0 e)
      • *perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
        • Proto-Germanic: *ferhô[3]
          • Old Norse: *feri
            • Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
      • *pórḱ-ono-s[4]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
      • *pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)[5][6][7]
      • *pr̥ḱ-eh₂[8][9][10]
        • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā[11][12]
            • Middle Irish: etarche
        • Proto-Italic: *porkā
          • Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
      • >? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és[13]
        • Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
      • Unsorted formations:
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

      References

      1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821
      2. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*perḱ-”
      3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”
      4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”
      5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”
      6. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”
      7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*farha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”
      8. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”
      9. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”
      10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[8], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”
      11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”
      12. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”
      13. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[10], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”
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