Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wedʰ-[1][2][3]

  1. to lead
  2. to bind, to secure
  3. to pledge, to guarantee

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wedʰ- (23 c, 0 e)
  • *wédʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1]
    • >? Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
      • Latvian: vest
      • Lithuanian: vèsti (1sg.: vedù)
      • Proto-Slavic: *vestì (1sg.: *vedǫ) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *wḗdʰ-s-t ~ *wédʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *věsъ (1sg.aor.)
        • Old Church Slavonic: вѣсъ (věsŭ)
  • *wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)[1]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • ⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (u-watemi)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieiti)
        • → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)
  • *wódʰ-s[3]
    • Proto-Italic: *woss
      • Latin: vas (“surety”)
  • *wodʰ-yom
    • Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)
  • *wédʰ-tis
    • Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)
  • *swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
    • Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
      • Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
        • → Middle Persian: (/⁠xwēdōdah⁠/)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
  • *wedʰ-úH-s (“bride”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
        • Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
        • Central Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)
        • Northeastern Iranian:
          • Sogdo-Bactrian:
            • Khwarezmian: ود (wd /⁠wud⁠/), وذ (wδ /⁠waδ, wuδ⁠/)
            • Proto-Sogdic:
              • Sogdian: (/⁠waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)⁠/, “wife”)
                Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)
                Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼹‎ (wδ‎),
                Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)
        • Northwestern Iranian:
          • Caspian:
            Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)
          • Kurdish:
            Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)
            Laki: بەوی (bewî)
            Northern Kurdish: bûk
            Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)
        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)
            • Harzani: ویی (viyi)
            • Karingani: وی (vay)
          • Talysh: (/⁠vayo⁠/)
            Arabic script: ویو
            Latin script: vəyo
          • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
            • Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)
            • Zazaki: veyve
        • Southwestern Iranian:
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠wayōg⁠/)
            Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
            • Classical Persian: بیوگ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو (bayô)
              Dari: بیوگ (bayōg)
              Iranian Persian: بیوگ (biyūg)
            • Lurish:
              Bakhtiari: بیو (bayū)
              Northern Luri: بیی (bayi)
Unsorted formations
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
  • Celtic:
    • Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
    • Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
    • Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 659
  2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wedan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 577
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vas, vadis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 655
  4. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[2]

Further reading

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