Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/čïk-
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Not attested until 11th century, due to this it has been suggested that the verb comes from a crasis of *taĺïk- (“to exit”) from *taĺ (“exterior”), compare Old Turkic 𐱃𐱁𐰶 (tašïq-, “to exit”)[1],[2] Old Uyghur tʾšyq (tašïq-, “to exit”)[3][4] and Chuvash тух (tuh, “to leave, exit”)[5].[6]
Clauson, however, disagrees with this stating that it should be considered a coincidence.
Verb
*čïk-
Conjugation
Conjugation of *čïk- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *čïkmak | |||||||
| participle | present | *čïkgan, čïkïgma, čïkar | ||||||
| past | *čïkduk, čïkmïš | |||||||
| future | *čïkdačï, čïkmakčï, čïksïk, čïkačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *čïkma, čïkïg, čïkgu | |||||||
| way of doing | *čïkïš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *čïkar ben | *čïkar sen | *čïkar | *čïkar biz | *čïkar siz | *čïkar | |
| past | simple | *čïkdïm | *čïkdïŋ | *čïkdï | *čïkdïk, čïkdïmïz | *čïkdïŋïz | *čïkdï | |
| inferential | *čïkmïš ben | *čïkmïš sen | *čïkmïš | *čïkmïš biz | *čïkmïš siz | *čïkmïš | ||
| future | simple | *čïkdačï ben, čïkmakčï ben, čïkačak ben | *čïkdačï sen, čïkmakčï sen, čïkačak sen | *čïkdačï, čïkmakčï, čïkačak | *čïkdačï biz, čïkmakčï biz, čïkačak biz | *čïkdačï siz, čïkmakčï siz, čïkačak siz | *čïkdačï, čïkmakčï, čïkačak | |
| predictive | *čïkgay ben | *čïkgay sen | *čïkgay | *čïkgay biz | *čïkgay siz | *čïkgay | ||
| necessitive | *čïksïkïm | *čïksïkïŋ | *čïksïk | *čïksïkïmïz | *čïksïkïŋïz | *čïksïk | ||
| conditional | *čïksam, čïksar ben | *čïksaŋ, čïksar sen | *čïksa, čïksar | *čïksak, čïksamïz, čïksar biz | *čïksaŋïz, čïksar siz | *čïksalar, čïksar | ||
| optative | *čïkgay ben | *čïkgay sen | *čïkgay | *čïkgay biz | *čïkgay siz | *čïkgay | ||
| progressive | *čïkmakda ben | *čïkmakda sen | *čïkmakda | *čïkmakda biz | *čïkmakda siz | *čïkmakda | ||
| necessitative | *čïkmalïg ben | *čïkmalïg sen | *čïkmalïg | *čïkmalïg biz | *čïkmalïg siz | *čïkmalïg | ||
| imperative | *čïkayïn | *čïk, čïkgïl | *čïkzun | *čïkalïm | *čïkïŋ | *čïkzun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *čïkmamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *čïkmagan, čïkmagma, čïkmaz | ||||||
| past | *čïkmaduk, čïkmamïš | |||||||
| future | *čïkmačï, čïkmasïk, čïkmayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *čïkmama, čïkmag, čïkmagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *čïkmayïš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *čïkmaz ben | *čïkmaz sen | *čïkmaz | *čïkmaz biz | *čïkmaz siz | *čïkmaz | |
| past | simple | *čïkmadïm | *čïkmadïŋ | *čïkmadï | *čïkmadïk, čïkmadïmïz | *čïkmadïŋïz | *čïkmadï | |
| inferential | *čïkmamïš ben | *čïkmamïš sen | *čïkmamïš | *čïkmamïš biz | *čïkmamïš siz | *čïkmamïš | ||
| future | simple | *čïkmačï ben, čïkmayačak ben | *čïkmačï sen, čïkmayačak sen | *čïkmačï, čïkmayačak | *čïkmačï biz, čïkmayačak biz | *čïkmačï siz, čïkmayačak siz | *čïkmačï, čïkmayačak | |
| predictive | *čïkmagay ben | *čïkmagay sen | *čïkmagay | *čïkmagay biz | *čïkmagay siz | *čïkmagay | ||
| necessitive | *čïkmasïkïm | *čïkmasïkïŋ | *čïkmasïk | *čïkmasïkïmïz | *čïkmasïkïŋïz | *čïkmasïk | ||
| conditional | *čïkmasam, čïkmasar ben | *čïkmasaŋ, čïkmasar sen | *čïkmasa, čïkmasar | *čïkmasak, čïkmasamïz, čïkmasar biz | *čïkmasaŋïz, čïkmasar siz | *čïkmasalar, čïkmasar | ||
| optative | *čïkmagay ben | *čïkmagay sen | *čïkmagay | *čïkmagay biz | *čïkmagay siz | *čïkmagay | ||
| progressive | *čïkmamakda ben | *čïkmamakda sen | *čïkmamakda | *čïkmamakda biz | *čïkmamakda siz | *čïkmamakda | ||
| necessitative | *čïkmamalïg ben | *čïkmamalïg sen | *čïkmamalïg | *čïkmamalïg biz | *čïkmamalïg siz | *čïkmamalïg | ||
| imperative | *čïkmayayïn | *čïkma, čïkmagïl | *čïkmazun | *čïkmayalïm | *čïkmayïŋ | *čïkmazun | ||
Descendants
- Common Turkic:
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Kipchak:
- Siberian:
References
- ^ Aydın, Erhan (2018) Uygur Yazıtları [Uyghur Inscriptions] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat, →ISBN, page 174
- ^ Tekin, Talât (1968) “tašïq-”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 377
- ^ Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “taşıḳmaḳ”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 227
- ^ Wilkens, Jens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, page 681
- ^ Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “тух/тох”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume II, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, pages 257-258
- ^ Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “тух”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 263
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “çık-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 405-406
- Eren, Hasan (1999) “çıkmak”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language][1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 89
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “çıkmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 107
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*čɨk-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill