三皇

Chinese

		three	emperor; surname
simp. and trad. (三皇)		三	皇

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Sānhuáng

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄢㄏㄨㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): saam¹ wong⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Sâm-fòng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Sam-hông
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se-waon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Sānhuáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄢㄏㄨㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Sanhuáng
  - Wade–Giles: San¹-huang²
  - Yale: Sān-hwáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Sanhwang
  - Palladius: Саньхуан (Sanʹxuan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sän⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: saam¹ wong⁴
  - Yale: sāam wòhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: saam¹ wong⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: sam¹ wong⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saːm⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sâm-fòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: sam^ˊ fong^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sam¹ fong²
  - Sinological IPA: /sam²⁴ foŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sam-hông
  - Tâi-lô: Sam-hông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: samhoong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sam⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sam³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sam⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹se-waon
  - MiniDict: se^平 waon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se-hhuaan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/

Middle Chinese: sam|samH hwang

Rime
Character	三	三	皇
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	心 (16)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	談 (143)	談 (143)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	蘇甘切	蘇暫切	胡光切
Baxter	sam	samH	hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sam/	/sam^H/	/ɦwaŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/sɑm/	/sɑm^H/	/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sān	sàn	huáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saam¹	saam³	wong⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rum|s.r[u]m-s [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*suːm|suːms ɡʷaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	三	三	皇	皇
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sān	sān	huáng	huáng
Middle Chinese	‹ sam ›	‹ sam^H ›	‹ hwang ›	‹ hwang ›
Old Chinese	/s.rum/ (s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)	/s.r[u]m-s/ (s.r- > s-, infl. by 四 s-?)	/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/	/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/
English	three	three times	yellow and white spotted	sovereign
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	三	三	皇
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	10963	10965	12696
Phonetic component	三	三	王
Rime group	侵	侵	陽
Rime subdivision	3	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	三	三	黃
Old Chinese	/*suːm/	/*suːms/	/*ɡʷaːŋ/
Notes			禮王制鄭注冕屬，金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文

Proper noun

三皇

(Chinese mythology) the Three Sovereigns

Derived terms

三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
三	皇

Proper noun

三皇

chữ Hán form of Tam Hoàng (“the Three Sovereigns”)