堅

See also: 坚

堅	U+5805, 堅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805

← 堄
[U+5804]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堆 →
[U+5806]

Translingual

Han character

堅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

慳(悭), 摼(𰓱), 樫(㭴), 熞(𰞤), 䃘(𬒎), 䌑, 鏗(铿), 鰹(鲣), 䵛

Additional Derived Characters

𠗻, 𠼤(𫪄), 𡐖, 𡠩, 𣻹, 𤠿, 𪼑, 𮌲(𭨶), 𥉸(𰥣), 𧜶, 𧤵, 𫍊, 𧽡, 𮩌, 𪅤, 𦸃, 𥧬

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 451, character 4
Unihan data for U+5805

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
臤	kʰaːn, kʰriːn, ɡiːn, kʰins
掔	kʰriːn, kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	ɡriːn, ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	kiːn, kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	kʰiːns, kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	ɡiːn, ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiːn): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Etymology 1

trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Compare perhaps Burmese ကျဉ် (kyany, “to tingle”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiǎn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin¹

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): gin¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

(Hailu, HRS): gien^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): gian¹
Jin (Wiktionary): jie¹
Northern Min (KCR): gíng
Eastern Min (BUC): giĕng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kian

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng¹ / giang¹

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gieng¹
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gyun¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹ci / ¹cie / ¹cien
- (Jinhua): ¹cie; ¹cian
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Yale: jyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: jiǎn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin¹
  - Yale: gīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kin²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kien⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kian⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geng¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng¹ / giang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng / kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³³/, /kiaŋ³³/

Note:

giêng1 - Chaozhou;
giang1 - Shantou.

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: gieng¹
- Sinological IPA: /kieŋ³⁵/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: gyun¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyn⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ¹ci
  - MiniDict: ci^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ci⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕi⁵²/
- (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ¹cie
  - MiniDict: cie^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕɪ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕie⁵³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ¹cien
  - MiniDict: cien^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕiẽ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡ɕĩ⁵³/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ¹cie; ¹cian
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕie³³⁴/, /t͡ɕiã³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: jienn¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ³³/

Middle Chinese: ken

Rime
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古賢切
Baxter	ken
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/
Li Rong	/ken/
Wang Li	/kien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ ken ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁi[ŋ]/
English	solid, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
No.	1330
Phonetic component	臣
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

hard
strong; firm
resolute
(Cantonese) real; genuine
(Cantonese) really; very
72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

Compounds

一念堅貞 / 一念坚贞
不堅 / 不坚
中堅 / 中坚 (zhōngjiān)
乘堅策肥 / 乘坚策肥
乘堅驅良 / 乘坚驱良
內秉堅孤 / 内秉坚孤
四個堅持 / 四个坚持
堅不可摧 / 坚不可摧 (jiānbùkěcuī)
堅信 / 坚信 (jiānxìn)
堅信禮 / 坚信礼 (jiānxìnlǐ)
堅勁 / 坚劲 (jiānjìng)
堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
堅城深池 / 坚城深池
堅執 / 坚执 (jiānzhí)
堅壁 / 坚壁 (jiānbì)
堅壁清野 / 坚壁清野 (jiānbìqīngyě)
堅如磐石 / 坚如磐石 (jiānrúpánshí)
堅如鐵石 / 坚如铁石
堅守 / 坚守 (jiānshǒu)
堅定 / 坚定 (jiāndìng)
堅定不移 / 坚定不移 (jiāndìngbùyí)
堅實 / 坚实 (jiānshí)
堅巧 / 坚巧
堅強 / 坚强 (jiānqiáng)
堅忍 / 坚忍 (jiānrěn)
堅忍不拔 / 坚忍不拔
堅拒 / 坚拒
堅持 / 坚持 (jiānchí)
堅持不懈 / 坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)
堅持到底 / 坚持到底
堅挺 / 坚挺 (jiāntǐng)
堅振 / 坚振 (jiānzhèn)
堅振禮 / 坚振礼 (jiānzhènlǐ)
堅木 / 坚木 (jiānmù)
堅果 / 坚果 (jiānguǒ)
堅毅 / 坚毅 (jiānyì)
堅毅不拔 / 坚毅不拔
堅毅不撓 / 坚毅不挠
堅江 / 坚江 (Jiānjiāng)
堅決 / 坚决 (jiānjué)
堅牡 / 坚牡
堅牢 / 坚牢 (jiānláo)
堅瓠 / 坚瓠
堅甲利兵 / 坚甲利兵 (jiānjiǎlìbīng)
堅白 / 坚白
堅白同異 / 坚白同异
堅白石論 / 坚白石论
堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
堅稱 / 坚称 (jiānchēng)
堅緻 / 坚致
堅臥 / 坚卧
堅臥煙霞 / 坚卧烟霞
堅臥白門 / 坚卧白门
堅苦 / 坚苦 (jiānkǔ)
堅苦卓絕 / 坚苦卓绝
堅請 / 坚请
堅貞 / 坚贞 (jiānzhēn)
堅貞不屈 / 坚贞不屈 (jiānzhēnbùqū)
堅辭 / 坚辞
堅韌 / 坚韧 (jiānrèn)
堅韌不拔 / 坚韧不拔 (jiānrènbùbá)
夷堅志 / 夷坚志
履霜堅冰 / 履霜坚冰
心堅石穿 / 心坚石穿
心如堅石 / 心如坚石
志堅 / 志坚 (zhìjiān)
披堅執銳 / 披坚执锐
摧堅 / 摧坚
摧堅殪敵 / 摧坚殪敌
摧堅獲醜 / 摧坚获丑
摧堅陷陣 / 摧坚陷阵
攻堅 / 攻坚 (gōngjiān)
攻堅戰 / 攻坚战 (gōngjiānzhàn)
攻無堅城 / 攻无坚城
松柏之堅 / 松柏之坚
深溝堅壁 / 深沟坚壁
深溝堅壘 / 深沟坚垒
無堅不摧 / 无坚不摧 (wújiānbùcuī)
窮且益堅 / 穷且益坚
窮當益堅 / 穷当益坚
精堅 / 精坚
老而彌堅 / 老而弥坚
船堅炮利 / 船坚炮利 (chuánjiānpàolì)
衝堅陷陣 / 冲坚陷阵
被堅執銳 / 被坚执锐
鑽堅仰高 / 钻坚仰高
陷堅破陣 / 陷坚破阵

Etymology 2

trad.		堅
simp.		坚
alternative forms		虔 Quanzhou 凝 Quanzhou

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kian / kiân

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
  - Tâi-lô: kiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/

Definitions

堅

(Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal

Compounds

喙堅 / 喙坚
堅乾 / 坚干
堅𠕆 / 坚𠕆
堅凍 / 坚冻
堅巴 / 坚巴
堅疕 / 坚疕
堅痡 / 坚痡
收堅 / 收坚
焦堅 / 焦坚

Japanese

Kanji

堅

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kun: かたい (katai, 堅い, Jōyō)
Nanori: きん (kin)

Compounds

Proper noun

堅(けん) • (Ken)

a male given name

Korean

Hanja

堅 (eumhun 굳을 견 (gudeul gyeon))

hanja form^? of 경 (“hard, stiff”)

Vietnamese

Han character

堅: Hán Nôm readings: kiên

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