凝
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Han character
凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)
Derived characters
- 𭗰, 𠘤
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese
| trad. | 凝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 凝 | |
| 2nd round simp. | 泞 | |
| alternative forms | 冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥 瓊／琼 Cantonese "to coagulate" | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 凝 |
|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)
Etymology 1
Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ning1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǐ
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngìng / ngĭk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nging2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gnin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyin2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: níng
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: níng
- Wade–Giles: ning2
- Yale: níng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
- Palladius: нин (nin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nyin2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nin
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʲin²¹/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: níng
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: lín
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): lin2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lĩ²⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jing4 / king4
- Yale: yìhng / kìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jing4 / king4
- Guangdong Romanization: ying4 / king4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: king4 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngen3 / ken3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡen²²/, /kʰen²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Note: ken3 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: nen / kien
- Sinological IPA: /nen⁵⁵/, /kʰien⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: ngên2 / kên2 / kên4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn⁵³/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
Note: kên4 - "ice".
- Jin
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋi²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
Note:
- ngìng - literary;
- ngĭk - vernacular.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nging2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ngíng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nging2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng
- Tâi-lô: gîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geeng
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ɡiɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
- Tâi-lô: kiân
- Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giân
- Tâi-lô: giân
- Phofsit Daibuun: gieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- gêng - literary;
- kiân - vernacular ("to coagulate");
- giân - vernacular ("not moving").
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngêng5 / nging5 / geng5 / gêng5 / ngang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngîng / kṳ̂ng / kêng / ngâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngêng5/nging5 - literary (nging5 - Chaoyang);
- geng5/gêng5 - vernacular ("to coagulate") (geng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou; gêng5 - Jieyang);
- ngang5 - vernacular ("cold").
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nging, ngingH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/
Definitions
凝
- to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
- to focus; to concentrate (attention)
- to stop; to be still
- slow; sluggish
- deep; gorgeous
- (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly
- (Teochew) cold
- (Hakka) ice
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Compounds
- 冷凝 (lěngníng)
- 冷凝劑 / 冷凝剂
- 冷凝器
- 冷凝管
- 凝乳 (níngrǔ)
- 凝佇
- 凝冱
- 凝凍 / 凝冻
- 凝凝
- 凝咽 (níngyè)
- 凝固 (nínggù)
- 凝固劑 / 凝固剂
- 凝固點 / 凝固点 (nínggùdiǎn)
- 凝妝 / 凝妆
- 凝寒
- 凝思 (níngsī)
- 凝想
- 凝態 / 凝态
- 凝慮 / 凝虑
- 凝望 (níngwàng)
- 凝水石
- 凝滯 / 凝滞 (níngzhì)
- 凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
- 凝然
- 凝目 (níngmù)
- 凝眄
- 凝眸 (níngmóu)
- 凝睇 (níngdì)
- 凝神 (níngshén)
- 凝視 / 凝视 (níngshì)
- 凝視點 / 凝视点
- 凝結 / 凝结 (níngjié)
- 凝結作用 / 凝结作用
- 凝結反應 / 凝结反应
- 凝網 / 凝网
- 凝練 / 凝练 (níngliàn)
- 凝聚 (níngjù)
- 凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
- 凝聽 / 凝听 (níngtīng)
- 凝脂 (níngzhī)
- 凝膠體 / 凝胶体
- 凝華 / 凝华 (nínghuá)
- 凝血因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)
- 凝血現象 / 凝血现象
- 凝血障礙 / 凝血障碍
- 凝重 (níngzhòng)
- 凝鍊 / 凝炼 (níngliàn)
- 凝集 (níngjí)
- 凝雨
- 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
- 凝霰
- 凝香
- 屏息凝氣 / 屏息凝气
- 屏息凝視 / 屏息凝视
- 屏氣凝神 / 屏气凝神
- 抗凝血劑 / 抗凝血剂
- 混凝
- 混凝劑 / 混凝剂
- 混凝土
- 端凝
- 絮凝 (xùníng)
- 血液凝固
- 酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)
Etymology 2
| trad. | 凝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 凝 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gîn / gûn / gîrn
Definitions
凝
Japanese
Kanji
凝
- congeal
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
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Vietnamese
Han character
凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng
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