凍

See also: 冻

凍	U+51CD, 凍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD

← 凌
[U+51CC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519₆, composition ⿰冫東)

Derived characters

𢟞

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese

trad.		凍
simp.		冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
東	*toːŋ
菄	*toːŋ
鶇	*toːŋ
倲	*toːŋ
涷	toːŋ, toːŋs
蝀	toːŋ, toːŋʔ
凍	toːŋ, toːŋs
鯟	*toːŋ
崠	*toːŋ
埬	*toːŋ
棟	*toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs): semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
Eastern Min (BUC): dáe̤ng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tàng / tòng

(Teochew, Peng'im): dang³ / dong³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ton

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴
  - Yale: dùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
  - Palladius: дун (dun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dung³
  - Yale: dung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dáe̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔyŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tàng / tòng
  - Tâi-lô: tàng / tòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daxng, doxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ⁴¹/, /tɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /taŋ¹¹/, /tɔŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/

Note:

tàng - vernacular;
tòng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: dang³ / dong³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tàng / tòng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ²¹³/, /toŋ²¹³/

Note:

dang3 - vernacular;
dong3 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ton
  - MiniDict: ton^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ton
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /toŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: tuwng, tuwngH

Rime
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	多貢切
Baxter	tuwng	tuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/təwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung¹	dung³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ-s/
English	freeze
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2441	2447
Phonetic component	東	東
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	涷
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Singapore	冷
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	冷
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	冷
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冷
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	冷
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Gan	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Northern Min	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Southern Min	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	寒, 寒人 weather, 冰 objects, 凊, 冷
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Lishui	冷
	Jinhua	冷
	Yushan	凊
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

上凍 / 上冻 (shàngdòng)
不凍 / 不冻
不凍港 / 不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
價格凍結 / 价格冻结
冰凍 / 冰冻 (bīngdòng)
冰消凍解 / 冰消冻解
冰消凍釋 / 冰消冻释
冰解凍釋 / 冰解冻释
冷凍 / 冷冻 (lěngdòng)
冷凍蔬菜 / 冷冻蔬菜
冷凍食品 / 冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
凍住 / 冻住
凍傷 / 冻伤 (dòngshāng)
凍僵 / 冻僵
凍凌觜臉 / 冻凌觜脸
凍剝剝 / 冻剥剥
凍原 / 冻原 (dòngyuán)
凍土 / 冻土 (dòngtǔ)
凍天行 / 冻天行
凍害 / 冻害 (dònghài)
凍寒 / 冻寒
凍斃 / 冻毙 (dòngbì)
凍欽欽 / 冻钦钦
凍死 / 冻死 (dòngsǐ)
凍瘡 / 冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
凍省 / 冻省 (dòng shěng)
凍石 / 冻石
凍結 / 冻结 (dòngjié)
凍結資金 / 冻结资金
凍肉 / 冻肉 (dòngròu)
凍薪 / 冻薪 (dòngxīn)
凍解冰釋 / 冻解冰释
凍豆腐 / 冻豆腐
凍雨 / 冻雨 (dòngyǔ)
凍餒 / 冻馁 (dòngněi)
凝凍 / 凝冻
北極凍原 / 北极冻原
呵凍 / 呵冻
天寒地凍 / 天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
愛玉凍 / 爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
挨餓受凍 / 挨饿受冻
擔飢受凍 / 担饥受冻
果凍 / 果冻 (guǒdòng)
滴水成凍 / 滴水成冻
肉凍 / 肉冻 (ròudòng)
解凍 / 解冻 (jiědòng)
防凍 / 防冻 (fángdòng)
霜凍 / 霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
飢凍交切 / 饥冻交切
魚凍 / 鱼冻 (yúdòng)

Descendants

→ Old Turkic: dong (frozen)
- Old Turkic: dong- (to freeze)
- Turkish: donmak
- Azerbaijani: donmaq
- Turkmen: doňmak
  - Turkmen: doň ýürek (coldhearted)