凌
See also: 淩
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Translingual
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Han character
凌 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一土金水 (IMGCE), four-corner 34147, composition ⿰冫夌)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1669
- Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 3
- Unihan data for U+51CC
Chinese
| trad. | 凌 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 凌 | |
| alternative forms | 淩 夌 | |
| 淩 not usually used for “ice” | ||
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (夌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rɯŋ): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT).
- Insides Sinitic, 凌 (OC *p.rəŋ ~ [r]əŋ) is cognate with 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ), 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “*ʔraŋ”) "snowflake, sleet", & possibly also 凝 (OC [ŋ](r)əŋ) "to congeal" (STEDT; Baxter and Sagart, 2014);
- Outsides Sinitic, cognate with Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”) (STEDT; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).
Alternatively, 冰 (OC *prjəŋ ~ prəŋ?) and 凌 (OC *b-rjəŋ ~ rəŋ) may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”) from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ling2 / leng2
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: líng
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: líng
- Wade–Giles: ling2
- Yale: líng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
- Palladius: лин (lin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /liŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ling4
- Yale: lìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: ling4
- Guangdong Romanization: ling4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɪŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: len3
- Sinological IPA (key): /len²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn
- Hakka Romanization System: linˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lin2
- Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: lin
- Sinological IPA: /lin⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: lin2
- Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ling2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: líng
- Sinological IPA (key): /liŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ling2
- Sinological IPA (key): /liŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: leng2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: léng
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɛŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: leng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɛŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
Note:
- ling2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
- leng2 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
- Tâi-lô: lîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
- IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /leŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien)
- Middle Chinese: ling
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ/, /*p.rəŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ/
Definitions
凌
- ice
- to rise high; to go up; to climb over; to traverse
- alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
- to place oneself above; to override; to transgress
- alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
- to ride (wind, etc.)
- to bully and humiliate; to insult; to encroach on; to invade
- alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
- to risk; to brave
- to approach; to draw near; to close in on
- to tremble
- disorderly; messy
- a surname
- 凌濛初 ― Líng Méngchū ― Ling Mengchu (Ming dynasty Chinese writer)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Compounds
- 仗勢凌人
- 侵凌 (qīnlíng)
- 倚強凌弱
- 傲雪凌霜
- 冬凌
- 冰凌 (bīnglíng)
- 凌亂 (língluàn)
- 凌亂不堪
- 凌人 (língrén)
- 凌兢
- 凌凌
- 凍凌觜臉 / 冻凌觜脸
- 凌厲 (línglì)
- 凌厲攻勢 / 凌厉攻势
- 凌夷 (língyí)
- 凌家湖 (Língjiāhú)
- 凌持
- 凌日 (língrì)
- 凌晨 (língchén)
- 凌暴 (língbào)
- 凌替
- 凌歷
- 凌汛 (língxùn)
- 凌波 (língbō)
- 凌波仙子
- 凌波微步
- 凌波殿
- 凌波舞
- 凌波襪
- 凌災
- 凌煙閣 / 凌烟阁
- 凌眼
- 凌空 (língkōng)
- 凌籍
- 凌藉
- 凌虐 (língnüè)
- 凌虛
- 凌躐
- 凌轢
- 凌辱 (língrǔ)
- 凌迸
- 凌逼 (língbī)
- 凌遲 (língchí)
- 凌遲碎剮 / 凌迟碎剐
- 凌遲處死 / 凌迟处死
- 凌錐
- 凌陰
- 凌雲 (língyún)
- 凌雲健筆 / 凌云健笔
- 凌雲壯志 / 凌云壮志
- 凌霄 (língxiāo)
- 凌霄殿
- 凌霄花 (língxiāohuā)
- 凌風
- 凌駕 (língjià)
- 壯志凌雲 / 壮志凌云 (zhuàngzhìlíngyún)
- 奚凌
- 志氣凌雲 / 志气凌云
- 恃勢凌人
- 恃強凌弱 (shìqiánglíngruò)
- 撞凌
- 欺凌 (qīlíng)
- 氣凌霄漢 / 气凌霄汉
- 畏強凌弱
- 盛氣凌人 (shèngqìlíngrén)
- 貴不凌賤 / 贵不凌贱
- 金星凌日
- 霸凌 (bàlíng)
- 駕凌
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
- Wade–Giles: ling4
- Yale: lìng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
- Palladius: лин (lin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /liŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
凌
Japanese
Kanji
凌
Readings
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 凌 (MC ling).
Hanja
凌 (eumhun 업신여길 릉 (eopsinyeogil reung), word-initial (South Korea) 업신여길 능 (eopsinyeogil neung))
凌 (eumhun 능가할 릉 (neunggahal reung), word-initial (South Korea) 능가할 능 (neunggahal neung))
Compounds
- 능가 (凌駕, neungga, “excelling; surpassing; outdoing”)
- 능멸 (凌蔑, neungmyeol, “looking down (on somebody)”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
Han character
凌: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn, lâng, lừng, rưng, dưng
- Surname