霜

霜 U+971C, 霜
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-971C
← 霛
[U+971B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 霝 →
[U+971D]

Translingual

Han character

霜 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一月木月山 (MBDBU), four-corner 10963, composition ⿱雨相)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1376, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42363
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1885, character 24
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4070, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+971C

Chinese

trad. 霜
simp. # 霜
2nd round simp. ⿱⿻丅⿱冖⿰丶丶双

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraŋ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs).

Etymology

From 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ) with an s- (nominalizer) prefix (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • sung1/sng1 - vernacular;
  • sorng1 - literary.
Note:
  • sng - vernacular;
  • song - literary.
Note:
  • so1 - vernacular;
  • suang1 - literary.
Rime
Character 霜
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 色莊切
Baxter srjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ʃiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʂi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shuāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		song1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 霜
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shuāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ srjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]raŋ/
English hoar-frost

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 霜
Reading # 1/1
No. 13587
Phonetic
component 		相
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*sraŋ/

Definitions

霜

  1. frost
  2. frost-like powder
  3. (medicine) cream
    防曬霜／防晒霜  ―  fángshàishuāng  ―  sunscreen
  4. (literary, figurative) white
  5. (Southern Min) ice

Synonyms

  • (ice):
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冰
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冰
Taiwan 冰
Chifeng 冰, 冰冰
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冰
Harbin 冰
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 冰
Shenyang 冰, 凍
Singapore 冰
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 冰
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 冰
Tangshan 冰
Cangzhou 冰
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 凌
Baoding 冰
Shijiazhuang 冰
Weifang (Weicheng) 凍凍
Weifang (Fangzi) 凍凍
Changle 凍凍
Shouguang 凍凍
Rizhao 凍凍
Wulian 凍凍
Jinan 冰, 凍凍
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冰
Qingdao 冰
Weifang (Hanting) 凍凍
Changyi 凍凍
Gaomi 凍凍
Zhucheng 凍凍
Anqiu 凍凍
Linqu 凍凍
Qingzhou 凍凍
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冰, 冰凌
Wanrong 冬凌
Zhengzhou 冰
Xi'an 冰
Dingbian 冰
Xining 冰
Xuzhou 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
Qimen (Anling; Junhua) 冰凍
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冰
Lanzhou 冰, 凍
Ürümqi 冰
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
Muli 凌冰子
Chongqing 冰, 凌冰兒
Wuhan 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
Guiyang 冰, 凌冰 in nature
Kunming 冰凌
Guilin 冰
Pingle 冰
Liuzhou 冰
Luzhai 冰
Nanning (Wuming) 冰
Binyang (Nanjie) 冰
Hechi (Yizhou) 冰
Luocheng (Dongmen) 冰
Tianlin (Langping) 凝
Xiangzhou (Nalu) 冰
Reshuitang (Longling) 冰
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 冰
Oudomxay 冰棒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 冰, 凍
Yangzhou 冰
Nantong 凍
Hefei 冰凍, 冰
Chuzhou 冰凍
Hong'an 凌冰
Cantonese Guangzhou 雪, 冰
Hong Kong 冰, 雪
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 冰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 冰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 冰
Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) 冰, 雪
Taishan 冰
Taishan (Guanghai) 冰, 雪
Dongguan 冰, 雪
Yangjiang 冰
Wuzhou 冰
Yulin 冰
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冰
Hepu (Shatian) 冰
Guiping (Jintian) 冰
Guiping (Jiangkou) 冰
Guiping (Madong) 冰
Beiliu 冰
Baise 冰
Qinzhou 冰
Qinzhou (Changtan) 冰
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 冰
Beihai 冰
Beihai (Nankang) 冰
Beihai (Yingpan) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冰
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰, 霜 dated
Fusui (Qujiu) 冰, 霜 dated
Lingchuan (Yangjia) 冰
Danzhou 冰
Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) 冰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冰
Singapore (Guangfu) 冰
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冰
Móng Cái 冰
Yangon (Taishan) 冰
Mandalay (Taishan) 冰
Gan Nanchang 冰, 冰凌
Pengze 凌冰
Yanshan (Hekou) 冰
Lichuan 冰凌
Pingxiang 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Hakka Meixian 凝, 冰
Xingning 凝餅
Huidong (Daling) 凝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 冰
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冰
Wuhua (Huacheng) 硬凝
Wuhua (Changbu) 凝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冰
Heyuan (Bendihua) 冰
Wengyuan 冰
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 硬凝
Liannan 冰
Jiexi 冰
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 冰
Changting 凌冰
Wuping 凌冰
Wuping (Yanqian) 凌冰
Wuping (Pingyu) 硬凝
Liancheng 凌冰
Liancheng (Peitian) 凌冰
Ninghua 凌冰
Yudu 冰
Ningdu 凌冰
Ruijin 凌冰
Shicheng 凌冰
Shangyou (Shexi) 硬構
Tonggu (Sandu) 凌冰
Ganzhou (Panlong) 凌冰
Dayu 凌冰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冰
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冰
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冰
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冰
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冰
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冰
Hong Kong 冰
Yangxi (Tangkou) 冰
Yangchun (Sanjia) 冰
Xinyi (Sihe) 雪
Xinyi (Qianpai) 冰
Gaozhou (Xindong) 冰
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 冰
Huazhou (Xin'an) 冰
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 冰
Lianjiang (Qingping) 冰
Mengshan (Xihe) 冰
Luchuan 冰
Bobai (Shahe) 冰
Bobai (Longtan) 冰
Bobai (Lingping) 冰
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 冰
Xingye (Gaofeng) 冰
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 冰
Pingle (Tong'an) 冰
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冰
Senai (Huiyang) 冰
Singkawang 雪
Pontianak (Meixian) 雪
Huizhou Jixi 冰, 凍冰
Shexian (Xianggao) 冰
Shexian (Daguyun) 冰, 凍冰
Qimen (Anling; Minhua) 冰凍
Jin Taiyuan 冰, 冰凌
Datong 冰
Datong (Yunzhou) 冰
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 冰凌
Xinzhou 冬蠟
Changzhi 冰凌
Linhe 冰
Jining 冰
Hohhot 冰
Handan 冰
Northern Min Jian'ou 冰, 霜冰
Pucheng (Shibei) 冰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 冰
Gutian 冰
Southern Min Xiamen 冰, 霜
Quanzhou 冰, 霜
Zhangzhou 冰, 霜
Tainan 冰
Penang (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Singapore (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Manila (Hokkien) 霜
Pingnan (Pingtian) 冰
Guiping (Xiaowen) 冰
Guiping (Dongsheng) 冰
Guilin (Biyange) 冰
Chaozhou 霜, 冰
Shantou 冰
Jieyang 冰
Bangkok (Teochew) 霜水
Phnom Penh (Teochew) 冰霜
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 冰
Singapore (Teochew) 霜
Pontianak (Teochew) 冰
Wenchang 冰
Haikou 冰
Puxian Min Putian 冰
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 冰
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 冰
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 冰
Xianyou 冰
Xianyou (Fengting) 冰
Xianyou (Youyang) 冰
Central Min Yong'an 霜冰
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 冰
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 冰
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冰
Nanning (Gejiayuan) 冰
Nanning (Zhegulu) 冰
Nanning (Silian) 冰
Nanning (Xiuxiang) 冰
Binyang 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 冰
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 冰
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冰
Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) 冰
Guanyang (Guanyinge) 雪
Shehua Fu'an 冰
Fuding 冰
Luoyuan 冰
Sanming 冰
Shunchang 冰
Hua'an 冰
Guixi (Zhangping) 冰
Cangnan 冰
Jingning (Hexi) 冰
Lishui 冰
Longyou 冰
Chaozhou 冰
Fengshun 雪
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 涼槓
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 凝鉤子
Wu Shanghai 冰
Shanghai (Songjiang) 冰
Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) 冰
Shanghai (Jiading) 冰
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Chongming) 冰
Suzhou 冰
Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) 冰
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 冰
Wuxi 冰
Changshu 冰, 冰凍
Kunshan 冰
Jiaxing 冰
Changzhou 冰, 結冰
Liyang 冰
Yixing 冰
Danyang 冰, 凍
Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) 冰
Jingjiang 冰
Jiangyin 冰
Huzhou (Shuanglin) 冰
Hangzhou 冰
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 冰
Shaoxing 冰
Zhuji (Wangjiajing) 冰凍
Shengzhou (Chongren) 冰
Shengzhou (Taiping) 冰
Ningbo 冰
Ningbo (Yinzhou) 冰
Yuyao 冰
Zhoushan 冰
Taizhou (Huangyan) 冰
Wenzhou 冰, 霜冰 in nature
Quzhou 冰
Jinhua 冰
Jinhua (Tangxi) 冰
Yongkang 冰
Xiang Changsha 凌, 凌冰 in nature
Xiangxiang 冰
Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) 凌構子
Shuangfeng 構冷子
Hengyang 冰
Hengshan 冰
Hengshan (Baiguo) 冰
Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) 冰, 凌, 凌構

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (霜):
  • → Vietnamese: sương (霜)

References

Japanese

Kanji

霜

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. frost
  2. years
  3. white as snow, cold as ice, harsh as snow

Readings

  • Go-on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
  • Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kun: しも (shimo, 霜, Jōyō)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
霜
しも
Grade: S
kun'yomi

⟨simo₁⟩ → /simo/ → /ɕimo/

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Harima Fudoki of 715 CE,[1] in turn from Proto-Japonic *simo.

Thought to be cognate with or derived from 下 (⟨simo1⟩ → shimo, “bottom, lower part”).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) しも [shìmóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɕimo̞]

Noun

霜(しも) • (shimo) 

  1. frost (ice crystals in objects exposed to the air)
    Synonym: フロスト (furosuto)
  2. (by extension) ice adhered inside an electric refrigerator
  3. (figurative) white hair

Derived terms

Idioms

  • 霜(しも)を置(お)く (shimo o oku)

Proverbs

  • 霜(しも)を履(ふ)んで堅氷(けんぴょう)至(いた)る (shimo o funde kenpyō itaru)

Proper noun

霜(しも) • (Shimo) 

  1. a surname

References

  1. ^ “霜”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 霜 (MC srjang). Recorded as Middle Korean 사ᇰ (sang) (Yale: sang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

霜 (eumhun 서리 상 (seori sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“frost”)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

霜: Hán Nôm readings: sương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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