堆

堆	U+5806, 堆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5806

← 堅
[U+5805]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堇 →
[U+5807]

Translingual

Han character

堆 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土人土 (GOG), four-corner 4011₄, composition ⿰土隹)

Derived characters

𠼲, 𣼭, 𣊌, 𣙯, 𦟿, 𥊖, 𧐻, 𨄺, 𠐸, 𡳪, 𨬉, 𡓋, 𪅧, 𤍫, 𣙇, 𨄟, 𩅚

Additional Derived Characters

𫮥, 𰊵, 𱎕, 𫉊

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5211
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 4
Unihan data for U+5806

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蜼	lus, rulʔ, *luls
堆	*tuːl
嵟	*tuːl
碓	*tuːls
推	tʰuːl, tʰjul
蓷	tʰuːl, tʰjul
陮	*duːlʔ
魋	*duːl
嶊	*stuːlʔ
崔	zluːl, sʰluːl
猚	ŋreːl, rulʔ
椎	*dul
顀	*dul
隹	*tjul
錐	*tjul
萑	*kljul
騅	*tjul
鵻	sɢʷinʔ, tjul
誰	*djul
脽	*djul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːl): semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to:

Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi)
Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or
Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”)

Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): duī (dui¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dui¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹ / zeoi¹
Gan (Wiktionary): dui¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): tôi

(Meixian, Guangdong): doi¹
Jin (Wiktionary): dui¹ / zui¹
Northern Min (KCR): dó
Eastern Min (BUC): dŏi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tui / tu

(Teochew, Peng'im): dui¹ / du¹ / duh⁴ / dung¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹te
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dei¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: duī
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: duei
  - Wade–Giles: tui¹
  - Yale: dwēi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
  - Palladius: дуй (duj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: dui¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dui
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuei⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: deoi¹ / zeoi¹
  - Yale: dēui / jēui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹ / dzoey¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹ / zêu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sɵy̯⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: dui¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi
  - Hakka Romanization System: doi^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: doi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: doi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /toɪ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dui¹ / zui¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuei¹¹/, /t͡suei¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /to⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dŏi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøy⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui
  - Tâi-lô: tui
  - Phofsit Daibuun: duy
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tui³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu
  - Tâi-lô: tu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tu³³/

Note:

tui - literary;
tu - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: dui¹ / du¹ / duh⁴ / dung¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tui / tu / tuh / tung
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³³/, /tu³³/, /tuʔ²/, /tuŋ³³/

Note:

dui1 - literary;
du1 - vernacular;
duh4 - "pile (classifier)";
dung1 - semantic ("to heap").

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹te
  - MiniDict: te^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹te
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: dei¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /te̞i̯³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 堆
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/tuei²¹/
	Jinan	/tuei²¹³/ /t͡suei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tue²¹³/ /t͡sue²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/tuei²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tuei²¹/
	Xining	/tuɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/tuei³¹/
	Ürümqi	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/tei⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/tuəi³¹/
	Hefei	/te²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuei¹¹/ /t͡suei¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡suei¹³/ /tuæ¹³/
	Hohhot	/tuei³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/te⁵³/
	Suzhou	/te̞⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/tui³³/
	Wenzhou	/tai³³/
Hui	Shexian	/tɛ³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/tə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tei³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/təi³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/tui⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/toi⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/toi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tøy⁵³/
	Nanning	/tui⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tøy⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tui⁵⁵/ /tu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tøy⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/to⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tui³³/ /tu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdui²³/

Middle Chinese: twoj

Rime
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都回切
Baxter	twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.tˤuj/

(Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›
Old Chinese	/*C.tˁuj/
English	heap; mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
No.	17705
Phonetic component	隹
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	磓
Old Chinese	/*tuːl/
Notes	見史記

Definitions

堆

heap; pile; mound
垃圾堆 ― lājī duī ― trash pile
(computing) heap
堆分配 ― duī fēnpèi ― heap allocation
to pile up; to stack up
Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound
一堆垃圾 ― yī duī lājī ― a pile of trash
mound (usually in placenames)
- 踰隴堆兮渡漠，過桂車兮合黎。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  逾陇堆兮渡漠，过桂车兮合黎。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Yú Lǒngduī xī dù mò, guò Guìchē xī Hélí. [Pinyin]
  I crossed the Long mounds then traversed the desert, passed underneath the foot of Gui-ju and He-li.
alternative form of 䭔 / 𫗰 (duī)
used in 煎䭔／煎𫗰

Compounds

一堆 (yīduī)
三堆河 (Sānduīhé)
估堆兒 / 估堆儿
吉丟古堆 / 吉丢古堆
土堆 (tǔduī)
垃圾堆 (lājīduī)
堆下笑
堆垛
堆堆
堆子
堆山塞海
堆摞
堆放 (duīfàng)
堆棧 / 堆栈 (duīzhàn)
堆滿 / 堆满
堆焊
堆疊 / 堆叠 (duīdié)
堆砌 (duīqì)
堆碼 / 堆码
堆積 / 堆积 (duījī)
堆積如山 / 堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
堆積平原 / 堆积平原
堆笑 (duīxiào)
堆紅 / 堆红
堆絹 / 堆绢
堆繡 / 堆绣
堆置
堆肥 (duīféi)
堆花
堆花燒酒 / 堆花烧酒
堆豗
堆貨 / 堆货
堆貯 / 堆贮
堆金
堆金積玉 / 堆金积玉
堆集 (duījí)
堆鴉 / 堆鸦
大堆
大陸隆堆 / 大陆隆堆
孤堆
扎堆 (zhāduī)
打灰堆
撲堆 / 扑堆
故紙堆 / 故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
是非堆
末子堆
桑堆 (Sāngduī)
歸裡包堆 / 归里包堆
泥堆
滿臉堆笑 / 满脸堆笑
滿面堆笑 / 满面堆笑
灩澦堆 / 滟滪堆 (Yànyùduī)
煎堆 (jiānduī)
狗屎堆 (gǒushǐduī)
瓊堆玉砌 / 琼堆玉砌
白龍堆 / 白龙堆
盤堆 / 盘堆
積玉堆金 / 积玉堆金
纍堆 / 累堆
草堆 (cǎoduī)
送作堆
離堆山 / 离堆山
雷堆
馬王堆 / 马王堆 (Mǎwángduī)
鬢若堆鴉 / 鬓若堆鸦
魁堆

Japanese

Kanji

堆

(Jōyō kanji)

a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank

Readings

Go-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)、て (te)
Kan-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
Kun: うずたかい (uzutakai, 堆い)

Compounds

堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
堆(たい)肥(ひ) (taihi)

Korean

Hanja

堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堆: Hán Nôm readings: đôi, chui, đồi, doi, nhoi, duôi, đòi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.