堇

See also: 菫, 𦰩, 暵, 革, and 𦰌

堇	U+5807, 堇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5807

← 堆
[U+5806]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堈 →
[U+5808]

Translingual

Japanese	𦰌∣菫
Simplified
Traditional	/菫/蓳

Han character

堇 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿中手一 (TLQM), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱廿⿻口龶)

Derived characters

僅, 墐, 嫤, 慬, 㨷, 漌, 槿, 殣, 㹏, 瑾, 䌍, 螼, 謹(谨), 饉(馑), 騹(𬴆)
鄞, 斳, 歏, 㝻, 覲(觐), 蓳, 䈽, 厪, 廑, 瘽

Additional Derived Characters

𠻨, 𫹡, 𰟐, 𬓑, 𥎊, 𥡣, 𡂬, 𮧧, 𩴗, 𡅸, 𪙟
𠞱, 勤, 𫮭, 𭐅, 𩀤, 𩞎, 𪅀, 𫳱, 𬔐, 𭶠

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5212
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 450, character 2
Unihan data for U+5807

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	kʰrɯnʔ, kʰrɯns
堇	ɡrɯn, kɯnʔ
墐	ɡrɯn, ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	ɡrɯns, ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	ŋɡrɯn, ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	kɯnʔ, ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) — a person being burned in a sacrificial ceremony (Li Xueqin, 2012) to invoke the rain. Compare 黃.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		堇
alternative forms		𦰩䒺 ancient

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qín (qin²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qín
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cín
  - Wade–Giles: chʻin²
  - Yale: chín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
  - Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

Middle Chinese: gin

Rime
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨巾切
Baxter	gin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚin/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡien/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjin/
Li Rong	/ɡjĕn/
Wang Li	/ɡǐĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]rə[r]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堇
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ gin ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]rə[r]/
English	clay
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
No.	6731
Phonetic component
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	𥎊
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯn/
Notes	甲金文象人交手恭立爲覲初文，再加土爲墐

Definitions

堇

(obsolete) clay

Compounds

赤堇

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 *– see 蓳 (“Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.”).* (This character is the simplified and variant form of 蓳).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Compounds

三色堇 (sānsèjǐn)
堇堇菜
堇色 (jǐnsè)
堇菜 (jǐncài)
捕蟲堇菜 / 捕虫堇菜
紫堇 (zǐjǐn)

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 僅 (“only; merely; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 僅).

Compounds

堇堇 (jǐnjǐn)

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	𦰌
Print standard	堇

Kanji

堇

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 𦰌)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): きん (kin)
Kun: すみれ (sumire)

Korean

Hanja

堇 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.