杏

See also: 𘭌, 呆, and 否

杏	U+674F, 杏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-674F

← 李
[U+674E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

材 →
[U+6750]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

杏 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木口 (DR), four-corner 4060₉, composition ⿱木口)

Derived characters

𪵾, 莕

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 511, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14461
Dae Jaweon: page 896, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1160, character 4
Unihan data for U+674F

Chinese

trad.		杏
simp. ^#		杏

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 杏
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
杏	*ɡraːŋʔ
莕	*ɡraːŋʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.

Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xìng (xing⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hen⁴ / xin⁴

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): hēng

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хын (hɨn, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hang⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hang⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): xin⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hen

(Meixian, Guangdong): hên⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xing³
Northern Min (KCR): hāing
Eastern Min (BUC): hâing
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): heng⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hēng / hěng

(Teochew, Peng'im): hêng⁶ / kêng⁶

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): him⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ghan
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sìng
  - Wade–Giles: hsing⁴
  - Yale: syìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinq
  - Palladius: син (sin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (杏兒 / 杏儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xìngr
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˋㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sìngr
  - Wade–Giles: hsing⁴-ʼrh
  - Yale: syìngr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shienql
  - Palladius: синр (sinr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵¹/

Note: xìngr - the fruit.

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: hen⁴ / xin⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xen / xin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xən²¹³/, /ɕin²¹³/

Note:

hen4 - vernacular;
xin4 - literary.

(Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: hēng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /xəŋ⁵⁵/
(Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хын (hɨn, III)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /xəŋ⁴⁴/
(Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hang⁶
  - Yale: hahng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hang⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: heng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: xin⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕin¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hen
  - Hakka Romanization System: hen
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hen⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hen⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hên⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hɛn⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xing³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haiŋ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: heng⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: heng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēng
  - Tâi-lô: hīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: heng
  - IPA (Penang): /heŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hěng
  - Tâi-lô: hǐng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hêng⁶ / kêng⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĕng / khĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /heŋ³⁵/, /kʰeŋ³⁵/

Note: kêng6 - Chaoyang.

- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: him⁷
  - Sinological IPA: /him⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ghan
  - MiniDict: ghan^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦã²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 杏
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕiŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕiŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕiŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕiŋ³¹²/ /xəŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/xəŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/xə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/xəŋ¹³/ /ɕiŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕĩn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕin³⁵/
	Chengdu	/xən¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕin²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕĩ¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕin⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕin⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ɕiŋ³⁵/ /ɕie̞³⁵/ ～核
	Hohhot	/ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦã²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦã³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦin¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦiɛ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕiʌ̃²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/xɛ²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕin⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɕin⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕin²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/hen⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐŋ²²/
	Nanning	/hɐŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hiŋ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɛiŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xaiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/heŋ³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xeŋ³⁵/ 俗

Middle Chinese: haengX

Rime
Character	杏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	何梗切
Baxter	haengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠæŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚaŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣaŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨjŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣɐŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ɣɐŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɐŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ɡ]ˤraŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	杏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xìng
Middle Chinese	‹ hæng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[ɡ]ˁraŋʔ/
English	apricot (tree)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杏
Reading #	1/1
No.	13879
Phonetic component
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːŋʔ/
Notes	說文可省聲

Definitions

杏

apricot (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 棵 c)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 杏 (“apricot”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		杏
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		杏
Taxonomic name		杏
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	杏兒
	Langfang	杏兒
	Harbin	杏兒
Jilu Mandarin	Tangshan	杏兒
	Cangzhou	杏兒
	Baoding	杏兒
	Shijiazhuang	杏兒
	Jinan	杏
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	杏子, 杏兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	杏
	Daming	杏
	Wanrong	杏
	Zhengzhou	杏
	Xi'an	杏
	Xining	杏兒
	Xuzhou	杏子, 杏
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	杏子
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	杏子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	杏子
	Bayanhot	杏子
	Lanzhou	杏子
	Ürümqi	杏子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	杏子, 杏兒
	Wuhan	杏子
	Guiyang	杏子
	Liuzhou	杏子果
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	杏子
	Yangzhou	杏子
	Hefei	杏子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	杏
	Hong Kong	杏
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	杏
	Macau	杏
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	杏
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	杏
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	杏
	Foshan	杏
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	杏
	Foshan (Shunde)	杏
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	杏
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	杏
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	杏
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	杏
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	杏
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	杏
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	杏
	Taishan	杏
	Kaiping (Chikan)	杏
	Enping (Niujiang)	杏
	Heshan (Yayao)	杏
	Dongguan	杏
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	杏
	Qingyuan	杏
	Fogang	杏
	Yingde (Hanguang)	杏
	Yangshan	杏
	Lianshan (Butian)	杏
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	杏
	Shaoguan	杏
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	杏
	Renhua	杏
	Lechang	杏
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	杏
	Sihui	杏仔
	Guangning	杏
	Deqing	杏
	Huaiji	杏
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	杏
	Yunfu	杏
	Xinxing	杏
	Luoding	杏
	Yunan (Pingtai)	杏
	Yangjiang	杏
	Xinyi	杏
	Lianjiang	杏
	Nanning	杏
Gan	Nanchang	杏子
	Lichuan	杏子
	Pingxiang	杏子
Hakka	Meixian	杏仔
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	杏
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	杏
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	杏
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	杏
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	杏
	Yudu	杏子
Huizhou	Jixi	杏
Jin	Taiyuan	杏兒
	Pingyao	杏兒
	Xinzhou	杏兒
	Hohhot	杏兒
	Zhangjiakou	杏兒
	Handan	杏兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	杏
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	杏
Southern Min	Xiamen	杏
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	杏
	Chaozhou	杏
	Leizhou	杏
	Haikou	杏子
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	杏
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	杏
Wu	Shanghai	杏子
	Shanghai (Chongming)	杏子
	Suzhou	杏子
	Danyang	杏子
	Hangzhou	杏子
	Ningbo	杏子
	Wenzhou	杏梅, 杏兒
Xiang	Changsha	杏子
	Shuangfeng	杏子
	Quanzhou	杏

Compounds

土杏兒 / 土杏儿
巴旦杏 (bādànxìng)
望杏瞻榆
望杏瞻蒲
杏乾兒 / 杏干儿 (xìnggānr)
杏仁 (xìngrén)
杏仁槽
杏仁油 (xìngrényóu)
杏仁粉
杏仁茶 (xìngrénchá)
杏仁豆腐
杏壇 / 杏坛 (xìngtán)
杏實 / 杏实
杏月 (Xìngyuè)
杏林 (xìnglín)
杏林春暖
杏核兒 / 杏核儿
杏梅
杏眼
杏眼圓睜 / 杏眼圆睁
杏紅 / 杏红
杏脯 (xìngfǔ)
杏臉 / 杏脸
杏臉桃腮 / 杏脸桃腮
杏花 (xìnghuā)
杏花村 (xìnghuācūn)
杏雨梨雲 / 杏雨梨云
杏靨 / 杏靥
杏黃 / 杏黄
桃羞杏讓 / 桃羞杏让
桃腮杏臉 / 桃腮杏脸
紅杏出牆 / 红杏出墙 (hóngxìngchūqiáng)
紅杏尚書 / 红杏尚书
銀杏 / 银杏 (yínxìng)

References

莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “杏”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 265.