森

See also: 淼
森 U+68EE, 森
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68EE
← 棭
[U+68ED] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 棯 →
[U+68EF]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

森 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木木木 (DDD), four-corner 40994, composition ⿱木林)

Derived characters

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 534, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14974
  • Dae Jaweon: page 922, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1226, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+68EE

Chinese

trad. 森
simp. # 森

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 森
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Small seal script

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): Triplication of 木 (“tree”), to suggest a large number (compare 三) of trees such as one would find in a forest. Compare 林 (*ɡ·rɯm).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rəm (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be an intensive derivation of 林 (*ɡ·rɯm, “forest”), perhaps influenced by parallels in Austroasiatic, such as Old Khmer sarāma, sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), derived from rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”). Alternatively, Mei (2012) suggests that the prefix *s- has a denominative function.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • siam1 - Shantou, Chaozhou;
  • sim1 - Jieyang;
  • siang1 - Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 森
Mandarin Beijing /sən⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂən⁴⁴/
/sən⁴⁴/
Tianjin /sən²¹/
Jinan /ʂẽ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂə̃²¹²³/
Zhengzhou /ʂən²⁴/
Xi'an /sẽ²¹/
Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /sə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /sən³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sən⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sen³³/
Wenzhou /saŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /san¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /sem⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sem²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐm⁵³/
Nanning /sɐm⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐm⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sim⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɛiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /saiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /siam³³/
/sim³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sim²³/
Rime
Character 森
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 所今切
Baxter srim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂjim/
Li
Rong 		/ʃjəm/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭĕm/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʂi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 森
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ srim ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s.rəm/
English dense trees

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 森
Reading # 1/1
No. 11003
Phonetic
component
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*srɯm/

Definitions

森

  1. full of trees; densely forested
  2. in profusion; multitudinous; dense
  3. dark; gloomy; cold
    陰森／阴森  ―  yīnsēn  ―  gloomy
  4. orderly
  5. strict; rigid; rigorous
    森嚴／森严  ―  sēnyán  ―  strict; tight
  6. an orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 森, Mori
  7. (～町):
    1. Mori (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)
    2. Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)
  8. (Malaysia, Singapore) short for 森美蘭／森美兰 (Sēnměilán, “Negeri Sembilan”)

Compounds

References

  • “森”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “森”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 208.

Japanese

Alternative forms

Kanji

森

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. forest, woods
  2. objects lined up
  3. silent

Readings

  • Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)
  • Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)
  • Kun: もり (mori, 森, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: しげ (shige)、しげる (shigeru)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
森
もり
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
杜

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).[1]

Probably cognate with 盛り (mori, “heap, pile”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 盛る (moru, “to heap up, to build up into a significant amount”), from the way a forest can look like a heap or mound from a distance.[2]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) もり [mòrí] (Heiban – [0])[3][4][2]
  • IPA(key): [mo̞ɾʲi]
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

森(もり) • (mori) 

  1. a forest (dense collection of trees)
    Synonym: 森林 (shinrin)
    • 1999 July 22, “トレント [Trent]”, in Vol.4, Konami:
      まだまだ成(せい)長(ちょう)し続(つづ)けている森(もり)の大(たい)木(ぼく)。森(もり)の守(まも)り神(かみ)。
      Madamada seichōshitsuzuketeiru mori no taiboku. Mori no mamori kami.
      A growing forest tree. He is the guardian god of the woods.
  2. a shrine grove

Derived terms

  • 森(モリ)青(アオ)蛙(ガエル) (mori aogaeru)
  • 森(モリ)薊(アザミ) (mori-azami)
  • 森(もり)ガール (mori-gāru)
  • 森(もり)陰(かげ) (morikage)
  • 森(もり)神(がみ) (morigami)
  • 森(もり)川(かわ) (Morikawa)
  • 森(もり)下(した) (Morishita)
  • 森(もり)島(しま) (Morishima)
  • 森(もり)嶋(しま) (Morishima)
  • 森(もり)田(た) (Morita)
  • 森(もり)派(は) (Mori-ha)
  • 森(もり)番(ばん) (moriban)
  • 森(もり)本(もと) (Morimoto)
  • 森(もり)嫁(よめ) (mori yome, “forest nymph”)
  • 青(あお)森(もり) (Aomori, “Aomori Prefecture”, literally "green forest")
  • 雨(あめの)森(もり) (Amenomori)
  • 生(いく)田(た)の森(もり) (Ikuta no Mori)
  • 池(いけ)子(ご)の森(もり) (Ikego no Mori)
  • 稲(イナ)森(モリ)草(ソウ) (inamorisō)
  • 岩(いわ)瀬(せ)の森(もり) (Iwase no Mori)
  • 磐(いわ)手(で)の森(もり) (Iwade no Mori)
  • 浮(うき)田(た)の森(もり) (Ukita no Mori)
  • 老(おい)蘇(その)森(もり), 老(おい)曽(その)森(もり) (Oiso no Mori)
  • 大(おお)森(もり) (Ōmori)
  • 笠(かさ)森(もり) (Kasamori)
  • 金(かな)森(もり) (Kanamori)
  • 気(け)色(しき)の森(もり) (Keshiki no mori)
  • 小(こ)森(もり) (Komori)
  • 笹(ささ)森(もり) (Sasamori)
  • 重(しげ)森(もり) (Shigemori)
  • 信(しの)太(だ)の森(もり) (Shinoda no mori)
  • 杉(すぎ)森(もり) (Sugimori)
  • 鈴(すず)ヶ森(もり) (Suzugamori)
  • 高(たか)森(もり) (Takamori)
  • 糺(ただす)の森(もり), 糺(ただす)ノ森(もり), 糾(ただす)ノ森(もり) (Tadasu no Mori)
  • 鎮(ちん)守(じゅ)の森(もり) (chinju no Mori)
  • 成(な)らずの森(もり) (narazu no Mori)
  • 羽(は)束(つか)師(し)の森(もり) (Hatsukashi no Mori)
  • 花(はな)森(もり) (Hanamori)
  • 柞(ははそ)の森(もり) (hahaso no mori)
  • 藤(ふじ)森(もり) (Fujimori)
  • 丸(まる)森(もり) (Marumori)
  • 明(めい)治(じ)の森(もり) (Meiji no Mori)
  • 万(ゆる)木(ぎ)の森(もり) (Yurugi no Mori)

Proverbs

See also

Proper noun

森(もり) • (Mori) 

  1. a surname
  2. 森町:
    1. Mori (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)
    2. Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

References

  1. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 1850:
    , text here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

森 (eumhun 숲 삼 (sup sam))

  1. forest

Vietnamese

Han character

森: Hán Việt readings: sâm, sum
森: Nôm readings: chùm, dâm, dúm, râm, sâm, sum, xum

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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