階級

See also: 阶级

Chinese

		rank or step; stairs	level; grade; rank level; grade; rank; step
trad. (階級)		階	級
simp. (阶级)		阶	级

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiējí

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝㄐㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaai¹ kap¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiê-kip / kiâi-kip

(Hailu, HRS): gai^ˋ gib
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gai¹ kih⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kai-khip / kai-kip

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiējí
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝㄐㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiejí
  - Wade–Giles: chieh¹-chi²
  - Yale: jyē-jí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiejyi
  - Palladius: цзецзи (czeczi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaai¹ kap¹
  - Yale: gāai kāp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaai¹ kap⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: gai¹ keb¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiê-kip
  - Hakka Romanization System: gie^ˊ gib^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gie¹ gib⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯e²⁴ kip̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiâi-kip
  - Hakka Romanization System: giai^ˊ gib^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giai¹ gib⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯ai̯²⁴ kip̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gai^ˋ gib
  - Sinological IPA: /kai⁵³ kip⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gai¹ kih⁶ [Phonetic: gai² kih⁶]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gai-kih
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kai⁵³³⁻¹³ kʰiʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gai¹ kih⁶ [Phonetic: gai² kih⁶]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kai-khip
  - Tâi-lô: kai-khip
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kai'qib
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kai³³ kʰip̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kai-kip
  - Tâi-lô: kai-kip
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kai'kib
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚³²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚³²/

Middle Chinese: keaj kip

Rime
Character	階	級
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	皆 (33)	緝 (142)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	古諧切	居立切
Baxter	keaj	kip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛi/	/kˠiɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæi/	/kᵚip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kɐi/	/kiep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨj/	/kjip̚/
Li Rong	/kɛi/	/kjəp̚/
Wang Li	/kɐi/	/kĭĕp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kăi/	/ki̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiē	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaai¹	gap¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrij k(r)əp/

(Zhengzhang): /*kriːl krɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	階	級
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiē	jí
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛj ›	‹ kip ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁrij/	/*k(r)əp/
English	steps, stairs	degree, grade
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	階	級
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6417	5659
Phonetic component	皆	及
Rime group	脂	緝
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	皆	急
Old Chinese	/*kriːl/	/*krɯb/

Noun

階級

class (social division based on socio-economic status)
階級矛盾／阶级矛盾 ― jiējí máodùn ― class conflict

剝削階級／剥削阶级 ― bōxuē jiējí ― exploiting class

階級統治／阶级统治 ― jiējí tǒngzhì ― class rule

全世界被壓迫階級 [MSC, trad.]
全世界被压迫阶级 [MSC, simp.]
quánshìjiè bèi yāpò jiējí [Pinyin]
the oppressed classes of the world
(literary) step (on a flight of stairs)
(literary) rank of an official

Synonyms

(class): 階層／阶层 (jiēcéng)

Derived terms

中產階級 / 中产阶级 (zhōngchǎn jiējí)
勞動階級 / 劳动阶级 (láodòng jiējí)
工人階級 / 工人阶级 (gōngrén jiējí)
有產階級 / 有产阶级 (yǒuchǎn jiējí)
無產階級 / 无产阶级 (wúchǎn jiējí)
無產階級專政 / 无产阶级专政 (wúchǎn jiējí zhuānzhèng)
社會階級 / 社会阶级 (shèhuì jiējí)
統治階級 / 统治阶级 (tǒngzhì jiējí)
自在階級 / 自在阶级 (zìzài jiējí)
自為階級 / 自为阶级 (zìwèi jiējí)
資本階級 / 资本阶级 (zīběn jiējí)
資產階級 / 资产阶级 (zīchǎn jiējí)
農民階級 / 农民阶级 (nóngmín jiējí)
階級性 / 阶级性 (jiējíxìng)
階級鬥爭 / 阶级斗争 (jiējí dòuzhēng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
階	級
かい Grade: 3	きゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいきゅう [kàíkyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
(Kyoto) かいきゅう [kàíkyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[4]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ikʲɨː]

Noun

階(かい)級(きゅう) • (kaikyū) ^{←かいきふ (kaikifu)^?}

social standing, (social) status, (social) class

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 “階級”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

Hanja in this term
階	級

Noun

階級 • (gyegeup or McCune-Reischauer: kyegŭp or Yale: kyeykup) (hangeul 계급)

hanja form^? of 계급 (“class”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
階	級

Noun

階級

chữ Hán form of giai cấp (“class”)

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NKD2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 “階級”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

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