Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *bʰuH- (perfective)

    1. to be, become, grow, appear

    Reconstruction notes

    Some sources such as LIV reconstruct full-grade forms *bʰewh₂- or *bʰweh₂-, on the basis of Italic and Celtic preterite and subjunctive stem.[1][2] Schumacher points out that the full grade II is (beyond Italic forms) also continued, among others, in Albanian botë.[3] The generalisation of the zero grade in most forms has been linked to the occurrence of labial occlusive + labial semivowel in the full grade *bʰweh₂-.[4] According to Jasanoff, this root has no full grade, and the laryngeal cannot be precisely determined.[5]

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH- (63 c, 0 e)
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewH- (2 c, 0 e)

    Note: In many descendants, this root formed a suppletive verbal paradigm together with other roots, such as *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

    • *bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)
    • *bʰéwH-e-ti (full-grade thematic present) (these are analogical according to some sources)
      • Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti)[9] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati
          • Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒ Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāvayati, secondary causative)
        • Proto-Iranian: *báwati
          • Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaiti)
          • Zazaki: beno, bena, benê
          • Northern Kurdish: bûn
          • Persian: بودن (budan)
    • *bʰuH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)
    • *bʰowH-éye-ti (eye-causative)[10]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei (or secondary formation?[1])
    • *bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πεφύασι (pephúasi, 3pl.)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀 (buuāuua, 3sg.), 𐬠𐬁𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (bābuuarə, 3pl.)
    • *bʰuH-tís
      • Proto-Albanian: *bwātā
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”)[11] (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtíš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuHtíṣ
    • *bʰuH-ti-ḱos
    • *bʰúH-tus
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: bū́tu
        • Old Prussian: būton, boūton
        • Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”)[11] (denominal from the supine of *byti)
    • *bʰúH-m-i-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰúH-mn̥
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma
    • *bʰuH-eh₂
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)
    • *bʰuH-tós
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)[11]
      • Proto-Celtic: *butā
        • Brythonic:
          • Old Breton: Bot-
          • Cornish: bod
          • Middle Welsh: bod
        • Goidelic:
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phŭtós), φῠτόν (phŭtón)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰuH-lom
    • *bʰuH-s
    • *bʰúH-tlom
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon
        • Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phŭ́tlā), φῠ́τλη (phŭ́tlē); φῠ́τλον (phŭ́tlon)
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla
        • Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰuH-rom
      • Proto-Germanic: *būrą (see there for further descendants)[12]
    • *pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)[13]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ
      • Proto-Italic: *proβos
        • Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)
    • *swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
    • Unsorted formations:

    Further reading

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰu̯eh₂- ‘wachsen, entstehen, werden’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98–101
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 46-58
    3. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 245.
    4. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert
    5. ^ Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113
    6. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φύομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1597
    8. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1998), "Three notes on the Old Irish verb", in Etudes Celtiques, vol. 34, pages 143-146.
    9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bōan- ~ *būan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 71
    10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34: “v. (a) ‘be, linger’”
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 155
    12. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*būra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
    13. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “probus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490
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