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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-European
- *tī̆, *tū̆, *tuH, *tíh₁, *tu-
Etymology
Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008)[1] proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.
Pronoun
*túh₂ (plural *yúHs)[2]
- you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)
Inflection
| Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[3]
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|
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*tī̆́ (*tū̆́)
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*yū́h₁ (?*yūh₁)
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*yū́s (?*yúHs)
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| accusative
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*t-wé ~ *te
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*uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁
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*usmé ~ *wō̆s
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| genitive
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*té-we ~ *tos (adj.)
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?
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*usóm ~ *wō̆s
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| ablative
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*tw-ét
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?
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*usm-ét
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| dative
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*tébʰi ~ *tey, *toy
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?
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*usm-éy ~ *wō̆s
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| Donald Ringe's reconstruction[4]
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*túh₂
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*yú
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*yū́
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| accusative
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*twé ~ *te
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*uh₃wé ~ *woh₃
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*uswé ~ *wos
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| genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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?
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? ~ *wos
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| dative
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*tébʰye ~ *toy
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?
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? ~ *wos
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| Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[1]
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| Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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| accusative
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*twe(ge) ~ *twē (?)
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*us ~ *wōs (?)
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| genitive
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*tewe ~ *toi
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?
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| dative
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*tebʰi ~ *toy
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?
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| oblique
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*twe-
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*us- ~ *wos
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| Outer-Anatolian IE
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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| oblique
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*tew-/*tu-
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*us-
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| enclitic
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*toy
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*wos
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| Proto-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*tíh₁
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?
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| accusative
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*tu-
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?
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| oblique
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*tu-
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?
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| Robert Beekes' reconstruction[5]
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|
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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| accusative
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*twé
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*usmé ~ *wōs
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| genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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*yus(er)o- ~ *wos
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| ablative
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*twed
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*usmed
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| dative
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*tébʰio ~ *toi
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*usmey
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| locative
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*tóy
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*usmi
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| instrumental
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*tóy
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*twos
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*usos
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| Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction[6]
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*tu-
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*yuh₁-
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*yu-
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| accusative
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*twe
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*uh₁e
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*usme
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| genitive
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*tewe
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*woh₁
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*wos
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| ablative
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*twed
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?
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?
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| dative
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*tubʰi
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?
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?
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| locative
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*toy
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*uh₁i
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*usmi
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| Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[7]
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*tí(H)
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*yúH(s)
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| accusative
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*twé
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*wōs
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| genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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*wos/*wes
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| ablative
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*twéd
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?
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| dative
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*toy
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*twos
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*us-tero-s?
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Derived terms
- *te (enclitic accusative) (see there for further descendants)
- *twé (accusative)
- Proto-Tocharian: (or from *téwe[8])
- Tocharian A: cu
- Tocharian B: ci
- ⇒ *twḗm? (innovative emphatic accusative?)
- >? Proto-Albanian: *twā
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twā́m
- *téwe (genitive) (see there for further descendants)
- *tuh₂-óm[8][2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHám (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *tuwe
- Tocharian A: tu
- Tocharian B: tuwe
- *tew-ó-s (“your”) (vṛddhi derivative,[2] or thematisation of gen.sg. *téwe)
- *tw-ó-s (“your”)
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Coordinate terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*tú-, 2.*té- 'du, dich, dir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 805-814
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 372-373
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[2], Leiden University
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
Further reading
- Bičanová, Lenka, Blažek, Václav (2014) “Indo-European personal pronouns: limits of theirs internal reconstruction”, in Linguistica Brunensia, volume 62, number 1, page 29
- Oshiro, Terumasa (1988) “Some Luwian words of Indo-European origin”, in Orient, volume 24, page 50: “(8) your (1097)”