Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xoroščьnъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *xorostь (“beauty, pleasantness; convenience”) + *-ьnъ.[1][2][3][4] Obsolete and erroneous etymologies:
- It was supposed to be an alleged diminutive of *xòrbrъ (“brave”), whence Old East Slavic хоробръ (xorobrŭ), Ukrainian хоро́брий (xoróbryj) and Russian хра́брый (xrábryj).[5][4][6][3]
- Borrowed from Old Ossetic, whence Iron Ossetian хорз (xorz, “good”), Digor Ossetian хуарз (xwarz), Jassic horz, ultimately from Proto-Iranian; compare also Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀- (xᵛarəzišta-, “sweetest”).[2][5][3]
- Mistakenly considered[5][3], derived from the name of the Slavic god *Xъrsъ, more precisely from the irregular form **Xorsъ + *-jь, which gave the adjective **xoršь > Old East Slavic хорошь (xorošĭ).[6][4]
The origin is also mistakenly associated with Ukrainian га́рний (hárnyj, “beautiful; good”) or Proto-Slavic *xorniti, where Ukrainian хорони́ти (xoronýty) and Russian хорони́ть (xoronítʹ).[5][3]
Adjective
Inflection
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xoroščьnъ | *xoroščьna | *xoroščьno |
| genitive | *xoroščьna | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьna |
| dative | *xoroščьnu | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьnu |
| accusative | *xoroščьnъ | *xoroščьnǫ | *xoroščьno |
| instrumental | *xoroščьnomь | *xoroščьnojǫ | *xoroščьnomь |
| locative | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьně |
| vocative | *xoroščьne | *xoroščьno | *xoroščьno |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xoroščьna | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьně |
| genitive | *xoroščьnu | *xoroščьnu | *xoroščьnu |
| dative | *xoroščьnoma | *xoroščьnama | *xoroščьnoma |
| accusative | *xoroščьna | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьně |
| instrumental | *xoroščьnoma | *xoroščьnama | *xoroščьnoma |
| locative | *xoroščьnu | *xoroščьnu | *xoroščьnu |
| vocative | *xoroščьna | *xoroščьně | *xoroščьně |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xoroščьni | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьna |
| genitive | *xoroščьnъ | *xoroščьnъ | *xoroščьnъ |
| dative | *xoroščьnomъ | *xoroščьnamъ | *xoroščьnomъ |
| accusative | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьna |
| instrumental | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьnami | *xoroščьny |
| locative | *xoroščьněxъ | *xoroščьnaxъ | *xoroščьněxъ |
| vocative | *xoroščьni | *xoroščьny | *xoroščьna |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xoroščьnъjь | *xoroščьnaja | *xoroščьnoje |
| genitive | *xoroščьnajego | *xoroščьnyję̇ | *xoroščьnajego |
| dative | *xoroščьnujemu | *xoroščьněji | *xoroščьnujemu |
| accusative | *xoroščьnъjь | *xoroščьnǫjǫ | *xoroščьnoje |
| instrumental | *xoroščьnyjimь | *xoroščьnǫjǫ | *xoroščьnyjimь |
| locative | *xoroščьnějemь | *xoroščьněji | *xoroščьnějemь |
| vocative | *xoroščьnъjь | *xoroščьnaja | *xoroščьnoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xoroščьnaja | *xoroščьněji | *xoroščьněji |
| genitive | *xoroščьnuju | *xoroščьnuju | *xoroščьnuju |
| dative | *xoroščьnyjima | *xoroščьnyjima | *xoroščьnyjima |
| accusative | *xoroščьnaja | *xoroščьněji | *xoroščьněji |
| instrumental | *xoroščьnyjima | *xoroščьnyjima | *xoroščьnyjima |
| locative | *xoroščьnuju | *xoroščьnuju | *xoroščьnuju |
| vocative | *xoroščьnaja | *xoroščьněji | *xoroščьněji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xoroščьniji | *xoroščьnyję̇ | *xoroščьnaja |
| genitive | *xoroščьnъjixъ | *xoroščьnъjixъ | *xoroščьnъjixъ |
| dative | *xoroščьnyjimъ | *xoroščьnyjimъ | *xoroščьnyjimъ |
| accusative | *xoroščьnyję̇ | *xoroščьnyję̇ | *xoroščьnaja |
| instrumental | *xoroščьnyjimi | *xoroščьnyjimi | *xoroščьnyjimi |
| locative | *xoroščьnyjixъ | *xoroščьnyjixъ | *xoroščьnyjixъ |
| vocative | *xoroščьniji | *xoroščьnyję̇ | *xoroščьnaja |
Related terms
- *xarъ (“gloomy, dark; dilapidated, shabby”)
- *xorъ (“dark, black”)
- *xorostь (“beauty, pleasantness; convenience”)
- *xorovitъ (“beautiful; kind, fine”)
- *xorxoriti (“to brag, show off; to be defiant”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: *хорощьнъ (*xoroščĭnŭ)
- ⇒ Old East Slavic: хорошь (xorošĭ), хорошии (xorošii, “beautiful, handsome, well-groomed”) (13ᵗʰ c.)
- Old Ruthenian: хоро́шїй (xoróšij), хоро́шый (xoróšyj, “beautiful, attractive; kind; good”)
- Middle Russian: хоро́ший (xoróšij, “handsome; good”) (16-17ᵗʰ c.)
- ⇒ Old East Slavic: хорошавъ (xorošavŭ), хорошивъ (xorošivŭ) (14ᵗʰ c.)
- ⇒ Old East Slavic: хорошь (xorošĭ), хорошии (xorošii, “beautiful, handsome, well-groomed”) (13ᵗʰ c.)
- Old East Slavic: *хорощьнъ (*xoroščĭnŭ)
Toponyms:
- East Slavic:
- Russian: Хорошно (Xorošno, lake name)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xoroščьnъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 80
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Shaposhnikov, A. K. (2010) “хороший”, in Этимологический словарь современного русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Contemporary Russian Language] (in Russian), volumes 2: (Начать – Я), Moscow: Flinta; Nauka, →ISBN, page 498: “*хорошчь(йь) ― *xoroščʹ(jʹ)”
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хороший”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 203
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tsyhanenko, H. P. (1989) “хоро́ший”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Kyiv: Radjanska shkola, →ISBN, page 467
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Vasmer, Max (1973) “хоро́ший”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volumes 4 (Т – Ящур), Moscow: Progress, page 267
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “хоро́ший”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 352
Further reading
- Varbot, Zh. Zh. (1980) “Хорохориться и хороший”, in Русская речь [Russian speech][1] (in Russian), number 1, Moscow: Nauka, pages 138-141
- Петлева, И. П. (1985) “Укр. диал. прихо́рний, рус. хоро́брый (слав. xorbrъ)”, in Этимология 1982, Moscow, pages 36-37