Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/keleŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

According to Bonnman and Fries, borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *kʷetʳ-ja (“frog, lizard”)[1] around the time of the Xiōngnú Confederacy, from an Arinic language, for which compare Arin kere (“frog”).

In light of Cypriot Turkish kelte, Tatar кәлтә (kältä) and Chuvash калта (kalt̬a), some suggest a hypothetical *kel- root, however it is a loanword from Persian کلته (“lame”).[2] (See Tatar кәлтә елан (kältä yelan, “lizard (lit. short snake)”) and Turkish kertenkele (“lizard (lit. short lizard)”))

Noun

*keleŕ

  1. lizard

Declension

Declension of *keleŕ
singular 3)
nominative *keleŕ
accusative *keleŕig, *keleŕni1)
genitive *keleŕniŋ
dative *keleŕke
locative *keleŕte
ablative *keleŕten
allative *keleŕgerü
instrumental 2) *keleŕin
equative 2) *keleŕče
similative 2) *keleŕleyü
comitative 2) *keleŕligü
1) Originally used only in pronominal declension.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

  • Proto-Common Turkic: *kelez, *keler
    • → Mongolic: [Term?] (keles)[3]
  • Oghuz:
    • West Oghuz:
      • Old Anatolian Turkish: كلر (keler)
      • ⇒ Old Anatolian Turkish: كلته كلر (kelte keler), كرتكنه (kertekene), كلتن كلر (kelten keler)
        • Azerbaijani: kərtənkələ
        • Gagauz: kistenkelä[4]
        • Ottoman Turkish: كرتنكلر (kertenkeler), كرتنكله (kertenkele)
  • Kipchak:
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: كلاز, كَلَارْ (keler)[5]
    • South Kipchak:
      • Caspian:
        • Karakalpak: кескелдек
        • Kazakh: келес (keles)
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: كَلَرْ (keler, “lizard”)[6]
      • Chagatai: کلاس (keläs)
        • Uzbek: kaltakesak
        • Uyghur: كېلەر (këler), كىلە (kile)
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *keleŕ-ge
  • Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: келески (keleski)
  • Siberian:
    • Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽰𐽻𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽳 (kʾsylkw /⁠käsilgü⁠/)
      • Western Yugur: kiselkə
    • Khakas: килеске (kileske)
    • Tuvan: хелеске (xeleske)
    • Shor: келескен (kelesken)
Animals in Turkic
dog: *ï̄t hunting dog: *eker hen: *tiakïgu
lark: *torgay dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin quail: *bïldurčïn
sparrow: *serče hawk, falcon: *kïrguy goose: *kāŕ
wolf: *bȫrü cow: *ingek calf: *buŕagu
camel: *tebe young of camel: *kȫĺek, *botu horse: *at
foal: *kulun worm: *kūrt snake: *yï̄lan
fox: *tilkü goat: *keči he-goat: *teke
lion: *arsïlan fish: *bālïk carp bream: *čapak
donkey: *eĺčgek carp: *siāŕgan catfish: *yāyïn
beaver: *kunduŕ hedgehog: *kirpi badger: *borsmuk
fly, mosquito: *siŋek wasp, bee: *ārï gadfly: *bȫgen
moth: *küńe louse: *bït earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
yak: *kotuz colt: *sïp dragon: *siāŕgan
worm: *kūrt deer: *keyik, *sïgun, *bulan, *bugu lizard: *keleŕ

References

  1. ^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[1], volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24
  2. ^ Этимологический словарь чувашского языка (1964)
  3. ^ Boeschoten, Hendrik (2022) A Dictionary of Early Middle Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.169), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 14
  4. ^ Baskakov, N. A. (1991) İsmail Kaynak, A. Mecit Doğru, transl., Gagauz Türkçesinin Sözlüğü [The Dictionary of Gagauz Turkish] (in Turkish), Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, page 152
  5. ^ Гаркавец А. Н. (2019) Kitāb‑i Macmū‛‑i Tarcumān‑i Türkī va ‛Acamī va Muġalī va Fārsī‎[2], Almaty: Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh Scientifc Research Institute of Culture, →ISBN, pages 348-349
  6. ^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 364
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*keler / *keleŕ / *kelte”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 180-181
  • Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 30-32, 34
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 250
  • “kelez, kelte”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), volume 8, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1975
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