Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from English fine.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
faini class IX (plural faini class X)
- a fine (a payment for breaking the law)
Verb
-faini (infinitive kufaini)
- to fine someone (to issue a fine as punishment)
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -faini
|
| Positive present
|
-nafaini
|
| Subjunctive
|
-faini
|
| Negative
|
-faini
|
| Imperative singular
|
faini
|
|
| Infinitives
|
| Positive
|
kufaini
|
| Negative
|
kutofaini
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
faini
|
| Plural
|
fainini
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hufaini
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lifaini
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kufaini
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nafaini)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninafaini/nafaini
|
tunafaini
|
| 2nd person
|
unafaini
|
mnafaini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anafaini
|
wanafaini
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nafaini
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -faini)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sifaini
|
hatufaini
|
| 2nd person
|
hufaini
|
hamfaini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hafaini
|
hawafaini
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -faini
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tafaini
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tafaini
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -faini)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nifaini
|
tufaini
|
| 2nd person
|
ufaini
|
mfaini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
afaini
|
wafaini
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -faini
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sifaini
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngefaini
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singefaini
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalifaini
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalifaini
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -afaini)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nafaini
|
twafaini
|
| 2nd person
|
wafaini
|
mwafaini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
afaini
|
wafaini
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wafaini
|
yafaini
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lafaini
|
yafaini
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chafaini
|
vyafaini
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yafaini
|
zafaini
|
| u(XI)
|
wafaini
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwafaini
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pafaini
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwafaini
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mefaini
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshafaini
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jafaini
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kifaini
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipofaini
|
| Consecutive
|
kafaini / positive subject concord + -kafaini
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kafaini
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nifaini
|
-tufaini
|
| 2nd person
|
-kufaini
|
-wafaini/-kufainini/-wafainini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mfaini
|
-wafaini
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ufaini
|
-ifaini
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lifaini
|
-yafaini
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kifaini
|
-vifaini
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ifaini
|
-zifaini
|
| u(XI)
|
-ufaini
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kufaini
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pafaini
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mufaini
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jifaini
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -faini- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-fainiye
|
-fainio
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-fainio
|
-fainiyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-fainilo
|
-fainiyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-fainicho
|
-fainivyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-fainiyo
|
-fainizo
|
| u(XI)
|
-fainio
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-fainiko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-fainipo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-fainimo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -faini)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yefaini
|
-ofaini
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ofaini
|
-yofaini
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lofaini
|
-yofaini
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chofaini
|
-vyofaini
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yofaini
|
-zofaini
|
| u(XI)
|
-ofaini
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kofaini
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pofaini
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mofaini
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
References
- ^ Batibo, Herman M. (1994) “Does Kiswahili have diphthongs: interpreting foreign sounds in African languages”, in South African Journal of African Languages[1], volume 14, number 4, →DOI, page 181 of 180-186